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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old) j! P+ U: N% Y& _
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 z; K1 B" [8 l- M) W0 ZExposure to Testosterone8 u; P* ~' ?$ z! h! E6 r
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- @9 `; Z) w& T% C( O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 m6 q% k# g0 y$ e* A+ ~
Clinical Pediatrics
. M6 U. Z, _: F5 s: h) r! qVolume 46 Number 6
9 H1 e7 b2 K" Z6 TJuly 2007 540-543
, Y8 Y! `5 B1 k( R% K/ d7 M© 2007 Sage Publications- T9 B3 }1 t0 L
10.1177/0009922806296651
3 i0 t/ L/ o1 m( Y( E7 @http://clp.sagepub.com$ @% Y  f. S/ A, W( L) s9 {
hosted at# w, A5 G2 G+ l- j+ o: r
http://online.sagepub.com* g( H2 X$ w3 b8 j9 Z) A
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,( T- n& j& q7 o0 h6 K$ g
is a significant concern for physicians. Central1 V4 T0 _3 A. C2 u3 R
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
$ G7 @  `+ f7 `, @0 Mthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has' }; {- N" e" Y2 Q" y  g  K
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
7 n* t( h! X) q# W5 @. Alesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested$ w7 S! {, M' Z( S$ X
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) U- i2 O9 G5 ^" h& ]% T  T
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
" q! K; `  N- W( h# p/ Q. H/ P* kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& F* Y( W! N; c: creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, G  f) e1 j/ w$ b0 }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-4 f# a$ S5 T& ~2 c: T  }
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due/ h0 h0 D0 k2 h, W8 }
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by$ \8 D. |  V! \% H  Q
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; m3 b2 [% |7 r0 y! {mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 d/ g- y; e1 H; E  S9 Q1 Uchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of6 i8 v- x! ]' ~. X2 N* W7 C. z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, A, S1 l5 [: p& v* b- D+ A3 ~
bly more common than the rare case report in the) Q5 F4 I5 \- V9 C( }3 y, L2 x
literature.42 d% ~1 c; K5 Q, M& h- }8 E( X
Patient Report
. `( W0 }0 c  K/ E0 u& ?4 sA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
# Q' i$ W8 i8 O# E" Eendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. F( R( Y3 p) p9 o
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
# r- s9 x4 F' P% \5 Alight colored pubic hair development when he was* q2 @. Q' n0 }8 M, N
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 ^/ ~* e; Q. wSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 U) [/ G# I) ~" [* |% k# oAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* f9 T5 ]6 V& c& C% cProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; P( h' x; ]% Q! c6 p$ k( I8 a% E
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- u# A' W1 g1 x- i" Ae-mail: [email protected].$ s. t- w4 A& D- P
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
2 c. b% G) U4 d( s( w6 hdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-. Y9 ^' N8 J0 F: D# R% U
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! u8 K! ]0 |# r+ p: X& fwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% D. W( E# @( O1 T) f- j/ Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 ^+ O+ S3 b! q20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
7 l# n& h; n% O! Vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with" X) O) B7 U* V& {; v1 y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 Q8 [, V. q) B7 q3 a- [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
+ I6 I5 i0 I8 G: Q  c" X% I6 `( ^was age appropriate.
. y8 x4 H0 j% s0 u& o$ ZThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 T4 `* y9 Q1 Lwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 a. B2 X2 Y6 l5 fwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 c/ w% ?- f: [4 j" n, L
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" E2 R2 ?; E- K& t- [7 \; Gearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 n- R7 S1 l$ J- ?The father denied taking any other medication. The
; a0 D$ z5 t3 O7 vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 A4 n3 |8 s: z7 w+ m% Vwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: y7 |$ v1 D9 n3 s7 U( r3 I
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
- r  J2 O7 R3 Vcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* Z2 W; Z9 M+ h/ S5 }( @tives. There were no siblings.
* z( o6 ]/ V$ SPhysical Examination
4 O$ [+ R1 |! c) S2 F2 VThe physical examination revealed a very active,9 _& G! {  ~# U: ^5 q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* R" t: n: E) g# v4 Qa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ D# U5 C9 z. c, G90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
% D# \! z% \. |7 z. v(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
/ O  i% T( @. zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 @# q' k, j7 @% c' Y& `; U- Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: q  ~6 a4 P! T& m' t" o1 h
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 }) s) Y8 P5 cenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; X6 _- A/ S1 D: |5 {/ }& x: Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
' ~" g' r5 X( G' a  Bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( T/ F3 [$ m3 P. i0 ]1 G2 N
540
- M; V- W" D2 {: f% Z# q% @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* V5 g8 _8 F9 S- Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: x9 J/ K2 a2 J6 Q3 T, F# Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& d! W; H+ @; O8 X) R7 n3 ~, tThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 e, g) n7 u; `2 Z/ koily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- N6 M: f9 Q) U3 d9 Wabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
, J2 E# F6 }7 }2 F; H6 {Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 ?, e7 i& ^; f: p
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, j+ r4 D6 e3 [: b  Tof papilledema.
  u1 E# \9 V8 P! q7 s% ]Laboratory Evaluation
, C3 _" s% H2 OThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, b: M; f$ p/ d$ t! Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ e- D! F9 q& m8 t8 U$ n* @
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 k5 C$ {! S2 i' C% Wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test4 c, V* x; l- d! f: d' [
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% n5 P5 o5 i& q' W
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 a( F# i7 y9 e
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  G0 T1 x4 @1 P, F. m4 S3 gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 y+ |2 m1 o% R' k. Z9 b3 K- mwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
2 ]8 z" Q. }6 @8 T- I8 T0 Y' U5 zof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 q& N; X/ U- b, G9 j* f' y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
, E9 |) v7 o% ~" Y% X6 bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-; ~+ M, X: l1 X. c! s' V4 g
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ G4 u% }( h# M1 I! `5 z
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
2 h5 e6 j7 f1 \% E: U49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ q# c5 s9 d2 m& h$ ^7 S) R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-. s) s5 t. Y$ g0 l" |
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. y7 n. d/ Q) a1 w
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
! c! e4 j* g+ K' Z6 y2 Q+ S: M$ sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 c& O7 @& {4 |/ t) I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular4 K, m% u/ T5 w" u3 M% L; P
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! c  E, Q5 P' m  x; M; ?6 Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL9 H9 I  M/ l" K- y+ T& Z
(prepubertal).1 X% R* O5 T+ m: c
The parents were notified about the laboratory
9 _3 x1 }" n; N' y/ V7 h# Z; Y2 kresults and were informed that all of the tests were
; P: P' V# i. K  e* J$ K# L# Knormal except the testosterone level was high. The' ?# C& q" }: U
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" g( c. ?+ [" b+ P4 y$ ~4 \
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ _7 t* K+ \; K; E) D0 N6 Bever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 t$ w- A. i8 M* r, {5 R' u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the* O1 ?, P! `3 O0 \
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 h/ ]* Q; `. S3 S" I- c- ^) _
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* ?* l4 l6 ?& C1 H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 o1 r3 t- Q9 f: f. t9 Gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at* D2 P0 _0 W7 g3 o4 [7 U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" P4 H* w4 ~/ N; _3 n' t/ B% B) j2 K  TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* _5 D( |. S  W, SThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! |. W, {4 k- K, Y/ u
ing frequent erections.
. o, B, R+ e( `; M5 X% WBoth parents were again questioned about use of: d3 a/ _! k: s! x" }& D0 G0 r
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
& i7 h, g( j: y8 F! @8 B2 Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* _% }- U0 F+ a  gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
! [9 s$ g4 e0 p- {9 xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
: E* `1 s- W% |ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. S  R; d& M2 P4 s( B) K. `
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) d2 l& I8 M3 M7 t  Gto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, \& q+ j1 y' u$ K( k  o7 cscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: A& g. ]% E- G! u1 c3 c1 s, Ysecondary to depression." c/ P" _8 n; q( ?
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
) |, P# q6 A) RThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his4 u+ r$ Y3 p# y& Q' Y! E; k
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
$ y) }' Z/ x0 c$ mnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 Q; P! l" T1 S5 c+ a2 q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,& M0 s4 q1 q% l7 y- h7 e2 W
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
7 n6 T/ K9 C9 b! q9 Jwas high, he then read the product information  k3 o5 e; X& c  ]8 l% u8 m
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 A: l  ?$ t: D7 K# Kson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; C: `, l( S- s9 Gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ ]8 _1 a+ W% ]father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% S! r( [6 O# d& Kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
( R- b' v! W/ e9 {1 @1 k2 [' [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the9 a4 Q7 V! Y: w/ z4 k  T& N
laboratory to obtain the test.# |- W2 R2 Z% k3 A
Discussion
5 h& ?# L( }% W  X& g6 N* QPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: o$ @- _! r! F+ `# Csexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
- V1 b0 x9 J/ Y: N& L0 oPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# o; f- D2 t1 I  c- Y, i9 Nit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ F6 ?: o/ ~6 T. i' z+ R& F
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 T3 v# i6 C0 u* |5 ^mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
/ M* ~# ^/ j( V0 y2 d( s* Smay have a central nervous system lesion that is# _  s' }" a; a" |" S7 K5 e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! T! c( x3 L  l" l& k- W6 N9 |7 F
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-/ M! s2 U; v, v4 N: i: Q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# z; U1 m7 c$ I. i5 k( V; |+ P# x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! E  D7 a2 ^% \& r$ p, |) Q0 jization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, R, W; G; d5 N7 Trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' b# M! l7 S. L2 c4 M6 V, V! e& Qgonadotropins.1,3
3 }. W! e; d" x: q; d  e: TGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
/ B; k7 Y, p5 w0 Hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
$ H$ p2 y9 P7 u4 n6 j+ ~( nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) ?  p0 |; W& m9 o- hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 [$ n6 _3 r* Rulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 n5 M5 O, d$ i8 Bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
) {9 ?7 q6 F6 w& h1 ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# T) P2 Q/ G: T4 Ypuberty in boys.3,4* M$ I# `1 S! a& y; l/ {
The most common form of congenital adrenal- P8 f$ n# ?1 ~; V9 l  g8 h
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., P% W: y+ b3 z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 v" f, m) o0 j, r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! ^2 T% g8 h$ }% t' D0 `+ z* D$ K5 W
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 M  [- _, F* r3 B* V: Rexcess.1,3
! K0 s. x$ I3 z  f) K3 lat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 ]7 @4 B- }9 o+ {* a! w
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
' s, b7 O) j6 g, sA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# z) f7 D7 Z( M' ?- d( Z! Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
- }7 j# m' m" Z7 |- V$ Xas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 M! T: k! U3 B8 P( v
very young age. The physical findings in these boys. k- M! a: @# S. l, _& c# ]9 o2 F* R! y
with this disorder are full pubertal development,: q( z+ N5 P, A5 m1 P- W( T  v
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 R) n5 D. `6 \' b! T% [
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* ~9 p0 h6 w- C
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
* |0 H( s. ?5 O9 H# W" f$ jpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  x3 Z/ O( {. q% w+ V4 F
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
' ?) t. N1 l) ^' q) v1 yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only" o2 z1 i; N) |2 ^
males; therefore, other male members of the family
9 K5 n6 M; A! ~" G" i5 K' t+ Vmay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 S3 D' H/ c$ Z* Z# Y3 h( o" {In our patient, physical examination was incon-  J5 E$ j2 K% @$ C% S! t
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# ]' _9 G  `! Z" F2 Hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis# V2 d; s# w4 _9 i% K+ K, t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
* b* c; X' [7 M& p0 a1 N1 d8 Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" d) O" A5 F- ^+ \testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
* l) A. @3 L0 Z; I5 {# F0 Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
% n0 T" C* g1 |7 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( M' G, o& `" p4 P; Gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,2 u$ Y9 z% {: b* ?7 L
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) ?8 }* ^% P9 ^  c
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# E6 J- J5 Y4 n  v- |
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& i( f# X$ v2 n' k& f' G4 d$ X& b1 }
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: b" l2 t% c$ C. c' \% [9 y7 k
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& s" a0 v6 t9 R: f6 N( h0 S% `the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ b( a* S: m0 y) P; K% apearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 v# m  W6 a  k6 z5 h& I) C6 K7 Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% A# t% i+ k+ p' M( ?terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* P/ Q( s0 K$ A
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’1 I. v, [: x0 \2 |2 D
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. s7 f- T/ Z( O' O
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
0 K4 o3 p7 ~( z( m+ cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.6 t+ _: G1 m" d$ b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. L# N* V  F& i+ I4 `- m- a: ~, R9 ]
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) \2 u# B3 ?/ |9 }! @' O
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
# z) w0 x5 f" ~& O* N3 Mpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
( N0 ?; }- B, a- L- ~tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 G3 |  r. e( N) A: O/ h" f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,8 a, y5 H$ G9 _0 n/ F& _1 J& }. f
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
$ k3 }! l$ }3 H; c) ~0 Udermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) {+ f: K7 H( y% a  l0 zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more1 `9 K) ]5 G/ M# x8 d- w2 j
active in young children exposed to testosterone& d, l0 B4 x3 a2 F0 p
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: ?5 g( S- P( W/ z2 K7 }
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
, k) i: E& O) t% Evirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; \, A9 a. o+ f" j. K" g4 Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
" Z" `# R( x* H0 uadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
8 H* @, O6 J- Y2 p) rThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during( @& D" A7 c, i+ E% P$ [+ N  q7 t. t
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 f- U3 _2 z4 E: G, g6 M2 D: u
adult height are not fully known and always remain
* L" a! g$ R" F# i' Ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- o. a8 w$ r5 T8 Y( {+ Yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# _) f" n! |! S4 B7 _
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( c; c4 [  O, C" j& {, b
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- n9 T+ x. v. F& G' H* wdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 M/ g4 T9 U; ?+ Y! ?5 wThere are conflicting reports and controversy* y0 O% l$ L1 ?$ z
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult0 ?5 j) u) @! s5 R/ X) J
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- k/ F' A) @1 E1 _; {% n& ~adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. O2 P  U9 _, m' N; U3 y9 P
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, Y* T( w! p* o
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  N7 R! ~* R- ?' X! F/ O( K$ H
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 a. O1 I# I+ zpenile length in clinical studies., X+ ]7 Y# v, A* z9 d
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. M4 Z: w/ O) k+ d' @( Y; a8 ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from  o# |0 ]6 y0 F3 a
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' f$ @: N, q. `* Y& O
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- ~: r+ Z" ]3 H8 ~  J+ ^
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of% S/ O; e5 e) m
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at/ P) n0 z4 h. p3 A. I. I
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 z- P8 \  W; ]: M1 F) L9 B4 n7 ~5 S
height will not be affected.
2 Y% Q7 S; |3 i" cAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ ]- e0 d. M0 X* k# ]: @5 B- [ability of androgen products in our society may7 z: A4 @) A+ E4 E0 U* p
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
: b0 N7 x/ v( U  echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ y5 o# h8 g* n& q$ i1 W
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 u) \4 F- W# g8 {tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! U! @' `) Q6 h( J: t; ^
gel should be asked of the family members during
; ]6 ]1 F# L( d# v5 C% [the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; {+ x) |/ O7 y) lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
0 ?! e. U$ q5 h. u9 gnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) T8 \0 }% P" P  ~# zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; f* n( x8 t, `* f" \
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
/ J- H0 O: D/ y. I: |& D, E& Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" V  j6 G/ J" `3 d2 }
investigation. The primary care physician should be
/ x3 I) O( l$ f4 f9 b& Aaware of this fact, because most of these children: J& V0 E8 [# t9 l
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 C1 ~  B, Y. k/ b8 n& ?Desk Reference and package insert should also put a" S& P( m5 w6 _9 ?
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ ]8 K1 p/ M5 c
female child who might come in contact with some-
7 D8 c; w, v. z% X$ p1 ^9 H) pone using any of these products.
4 l# |  n% b+ cReferences- a/ S4 s6 K3 k: r2 U3 |: g$ ]! q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: b+ A  p$ j) H0 iand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: {/ d  T7 U0 u0 e
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
/ T& t! c9 W/ A% H) C8 q6 v1 ~2002: 565-628./ b* l0 A. ~  \3 w" \
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# K" y' p: e. F# }7 }
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 {9 a& D2 V0 p9 R0 t6 E8 |& c
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
( H" g4 z: t2 cExposure to Testosterone
. U: v+ ~, q( l- ?( c! |Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ [/ v3 A( x: @6 ^
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1' y4 n2 Q0 J: \0 D; F
Clinical Pediatrics8 O& p7 Y- r3 \: u; j- h2 ]
Volume 46 Number 6
8 Q2 a0 c9 k! EJuly 2007 540-543' {, n" |0 J% e
© 2007 Sage Publications9 [7 ^2 i1 R- ?; \
10.1177/00099228062966517 m( j! ~# U- [+ z
http://clp.sagepub.com, t& c3 c+ C9 \* ~8 Q
hosted at
4 N! s- c8 {1 C' m% C$ ?* p* |; lhttp://online.sagepub.com
6 ?' {+ i" O; a8 j3 e1 {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) b6 [2 u. T* ?7 a$ A
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
. _) D7 f3 o/ T: O% F4 [7 V7 Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
1 u9 @: B# G, S+ I- O0 s4 h7 g7 nthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- X  \; _+ p1 T7 {
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system- I& Y/ c$ A8 ~, t9 s
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ F6 t0 Y. e$ o0 u* ?9 Y  `by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
0 @7 H0 k# f% V/ r; g+ Ahair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' b7 z' |' I) Q# i/ g+ ?
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) n3 W: G6 U' ~& F! Greport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( Q# |2 y) _$ J8 N  N3 h: a+ xenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! H4 r6 O0 c! O6 ]  K3 Tment without testicular enlargement, which was due8 u1 P" I# P: t
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 c, Y* k% z* O' j6 E  A9 G1 S) t1 ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-- |0 _2 D! |+ I5 e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! M; n& q9 d. y8 R8 T/ n- I
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* |- c* t* n! ]2 j, \- jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-+ V. A2 ~9 w3 M0 a* |
bly more common than the rare case report in the: ~9 E! [; t1 Z9 t
literature.48 j9 L$ A* u( d8 _! Q- w- I$ h  p
Patient Report. }5 w0 J: `; Y- u; w5 e1 K1 m
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ e3 p' x$ I. `0 N" }* a3 Iendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ l1 a2 s- C0 Q9 \" E# j  Cof early sexual development. His mother noticed  ?' H) E5 C0 p" ^' ~/ {' Y: s
light colored pubic hair development when he was- U  o: p1 `6 d4 p4 ?
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 i% x, a; K3 B5 ?9 F4 N% t0 W6 A7 CSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& \3 F/ i9 G3 x( _$ N0 _Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
) Q, \/ P& N$ g2 s- wProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( f; k+ H0 W. _8 `8 o0 q3 z  aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 N; h9 e' {6 ^* M6 {2 ?e-mail: [email protected]./ q! ~4 O# ~" \5 ~; u4 O
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 m+ n% O( S; i6 jdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
- K1 ]$ F- V+ D' m* E- n+ @ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child+ s1 v; V, U# L) X) n' `
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 ]+ Z; {- m0 i9 g! na birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 U- D& [" {! J* a' z9 m* U$ Q* t20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% o0 K/ P) a3 a9 v  j
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 D6 j& @' E, ]) m- ]/ Xsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; e0 F) P. V- dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development! c- x8 h) u3 I; g4 H) z
was age appropriate.3 J0 H6 V$ u8 N- a/ W" N# L$ Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 @. L9 M  D7 V: W0 e# T: @* uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,. Q2 u& I" X1 N4 i
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 w+ X( ]: K0 a7 m9 y" M
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 P) \+ T! |+ G# y! _; learly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
) ?9 D3 Q# K  j  |The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 G' ?% o2 V* m+ E: achild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, I' ^4 C+ W: U9 }7 [- u9 Iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 i- Y5 F0 X$ h. j
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& n  M6 s0 W2 e# Y( ]1 z' acocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
  v$ Y) p7 _- y7 z4 A5 `, Ntives. There were no siblings.
$ L4 [  N6 t8 W+ r& m0 F& ^& qPhysical Examination
: A) A% h7 R; P, i9 l, Y5 g. e9 EThe physical examination revealed a very active,
2 u& o% m/ }% {% iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. c: w% e, j5 F- ?! b' _2 b! |
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 u- p: x6 m/ Q  J
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 L4 B- _# e  B- |- O(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 s  g6 |% O5 N9 C8 evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
+ V# L# m7 O( E1 J3 \. @: pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
4 V; R( V) ~. K' G/ zThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ G; k( D* I0 M; H1 h! s9 U" T% }enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* |4 I7 }2 m) S/ t/ g" z2 P
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
# i7 J1 L% W* k  w  v' N3 ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 h* E! q: @9 [6 y8 D9 |5401 ?% O1 `! l: R2 W
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- F& B( w7 q% ]$ Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ J/ R7 T6 C4 Q% Q9 K! e4 Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.# I3 ~4 k/ U+ B. Z2 D
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% B8 g& n8 C. w
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# t5 @8 s3 b- j2 @6 F; q: oabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 q9 c; v4 `. j3 GNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 f6 r  _1 B* B7 h7 n9 nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, d; S0 s! Z+ {" q& w6 ?
of papilledema.
  Y2 i  c9 J( K' C  jLaboratory Evaluation
7 K: L$ `, y: m* w% y. W5 XThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
, w2 w- K$ M, J7 K! vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% q% F0 _" L* N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal  _/ X9 ]+ b) `" s& O% _8 @
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& K: v( r0 x2 u2 u# \  b# h0 Vshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) P7 N5 V" }- T% q, N5 Klating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ K8 i2 U! R3 a: y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood5 \5 {7 Z/ N1 ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  R1 \# t0 ~- ]" M( w) fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration. `& p5 H& B  k0 v9 D- E- @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL. G0 z& D, b7 ~1 g" x" \
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* {# ?% ^% Q5 U' f4 C
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& [/ }$ H* q+ Z3 W( |, p1 {
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
9 [6 j6 ~: T4 T/ Idesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* I* I, O/ H& l' w% C6 C9 V49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 Z; a( t, C' T* B5 w5 P; i2 [- Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 s4 r6 L) L  `) V
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total6 V- h* l! u$ E0 |! R2 X8 H8 B
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. b/ o4 Q6 B# @: i' D+ l9 i/ Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) M) k0 n# i, t& t* ^5 X5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular( b! Q% H0 Q. ?( `3 i, ]! D& m
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( l& Q2 _8 I6 v' S" Gconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' M# L' N1 g  M! U8 O(prepubertal).. A  Y( [; N% r& h
The parents were notified about the laboratory
) E' i, r# y" S! v' Q- K( Cresults and were informed that all of the tests were; d% A1 L" ?7 r/ w
normal except the testosterone level was high. The, k4 k$ I3 K/ I. r; F/ g, Q* `# T
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
* Z: m7 q& \' _5 m( f3 K3 _0 Mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
6 _+ _3 A  u4 jever, the family did not return for 4 months." H1 y, k2 {* |0 {" u
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
% |' u  i" |8 N8 Wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained: t8 e4 l# T1 i9 `$ S; R+ P& c$ ]
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained& B1 i" ^; {. e8 z; k  j  A; f
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
+ H# @1 z* x: hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 j/ y* q( F+ i- I
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: H2 `* Q: a6 g; y- Z
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
7 Y5 ^; n6 a8 V( _& e2 sThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ ]) W& \6 z/ \: L" I
ing frequent erections.
* P8 \% c; A! q! J' ?Both parents were again questioned about use of( ~$ m5 R* k* b; M# L
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- M2 n! N6 o( ]; u
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the3 ?6 u" M3 u/ X' I
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 \! R- _" O  ause of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( d  _! R: S8 O6 b7 @9 \
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for( `9 u8 q8 ]" l
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
: `3 S% q0 o  a* A) I; N4 r6 m2 jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
" N& Y( \8 `+ K; N7 z, Y1 yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 G: S9 c! O: ?: k" ^
secondary to depression.
" S1 `4 e* H3 [+ _; L2 CThe child slept in the same bed with parents.+ ^' x7 D" t. e: t0 I
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
7 @" i1 H& e) @, R3 }, ~chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) P, h% {! J" ]6 B  Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' ^: z7 b$ M& f" ~$ k0 \- v
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, u* ?$ A; k9 j4 B& ^" V' d3 M
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby; F* i! J! l5 ~( k
was high, he then read the product information  L, m0 S' t* ?3 L# S7 N
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' ]9 d/ D1 f! W5 P/ \5 Bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ q. D  {( q- z) c
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* O# w' ]+ y, J3 u+ O/ b
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 K1 D5 v- t. }- Obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone5 V* S  V/ ]- _4 V# z
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, b( o( Y: c' ?. k8 G  elaboratory to obtain the test.
& X/ P1 }6 Y5 l! o% q6 mDiscussion
6 e* q2 |0 {8 z9 r! e2 H  H2 y$ FPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
2 e' s( R. d  T: vsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: C. A( ?% j% z% T1 g
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% w, ]$ s: D$ g4 D! c1 Vit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 w7 K8 E1 |) Z! D2 f/ i
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-7 X/ C5 Q* K) h8 q: n
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% C5 L" _+ ?* m: @% X& G6 c
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 R2 X. {9 ]4 w( H, R2 gresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) s3 Z2 [- T7 q3 C- M5 L" H& X
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! Z' ?% @( ]3 R# N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in- ^7 o0 w/ Q; r( v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 I9 i' f/ F  X6 C3 i
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 m" V& G9 Y$ v$ ?8 A4 i1 ^- [
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! |, o5 G6 X4 ?! Ygonadotropins.1,3/ h7 Y3 h/ V- j; ~/ {
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) }. Y8 D! V( H- M9 q6 x/ x5 U. n
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 t4 ]( K1 j. i9 y9 h" y! Landrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 h1 v( [+ M9 w4 Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
  p% f9 ^  D1 n; v2 o* mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 c8 }7 n* V- K8 pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
' s: m6 `/ ?6 _' C" p" F4 M) g* eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious$ b1 A+ E! G* g9 K$ ~. z' h- C
puberty in boys.3,4( q7 l. _/ T8 W2 r' ~; A: y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, A8 w% R: M0 {* k& w0 F7 yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ t' x- [) U) v- s
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in6 V7 f7 v$ l$ W4 d# X( c2 k/ }
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,8 N7 |" {5 u' r& G8 O
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 h! c1 V+ d+ Nexcess.1,3
7 G4 {  l: ^! D/ E, I! v6 aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
* Q  Q. {1 [- T8 f3 Z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ J% x; _/ B. Y' X$ z3 P9 g& A8 zA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-  P) @' s! v4 g; V6 s2 S/ B2 M. F6 s0 {
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
  K6 [0 Y# _$ e1 l6 Nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 }/ r6 l  Y. O' @$ |2 f6 L7 kvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
* V- l  E/ i2 O8 a% B1 Hwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
* l: M3 x' ]4 F$ |9 G8 a1 z4 n$ wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys! k0 C+ ]5 i5 U; x* y! e3 U. q
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 f7 `. M0 |  Z) [! i+ H2 l4 rare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show+ h/ [9 n9 W" r& J
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; n+ ~- c) C1 S3 K& k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 M/ Q* b6 ]5 P7 D, n) D5 dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 |# H/ i! x3 T  i3 {/ }2 Y3 omales; therefore, other male members of the family
, _$ ]! @- \- `may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 M' ]' _' A2 C1 ^  s/ FIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
: l$ d8 o3 T, ]$ ?2 Gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& i( X; Q: }9 o6 icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 y1 d' ?" R; P& y) C7 J2 b
was in the differential diagnosis because his father7 m) T) V4 Z. G5 u! z8 F: R( I
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 L6 h$ ]: x6 i
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
5 f' t6 H- u4 K) Z$ @* Y' abeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% g1 O! }3 O7 Y1 f7 D, @
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our  ^' q) g+ W6 n4 W
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 ?% N5 C9 u6 \1 V7 Xeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
& D0 H: R  J* a& d8 K+ Ndeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ w& k% b1 w/ ~& g/ z
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.2 e" Q1 }* k. N  j3 q$ Y
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! x; k( E3 l1 a8 lsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 H2 C3 N0 u/ Z+ V9 z/ D, sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; O) o" _2 Y0 B8 Z+ F) Mpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
$ u  Y/ v4 h7 \1 j7 Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ k9 F7 O/ E9 Mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: o, @' O& D5 t- x; `
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 @" c$ l0 X) |. a4 @  lDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- f* y* h- z0 D, f. j8 kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( q8 c* @$ w) @& l
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ T  [; _: P0 H+ b( }5 V$ }: XSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
6 n  y7 N0 {  Y: D4 y- ~baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* Z2 R1 P$ H' V7 `: Keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male; v' v9 a+ m! d1 [7 q! Z
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 |) z! N0 `4 F1 ?& etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 L0 h$ |6 x) COur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
7 c2 U( S; x: `3 _) Gwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. z) D2 f4 K: b. m6 _7 a
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 k3 f/ N  L9 i$ Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ w" [& E) ]: H  `* l/ d& @- Mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
: ^" I! ^7 @  J) y9 eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: `3 f- d  P4 ]# z0 {8 u
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to5 ^* i" S, b3 N, m
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
' j' F! v1 ]* [% o5 X# jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and7 k/ \8 I0 D% A6 c# }5 Y8 Y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
0 s: y7 O- N! X/ K3 i# ]6 iThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
3 @- P1 n( t* searly childhood on pubertal development and final
( O; r2 J) S6 h* J. E8 E+ ?* i0 Cadult height are not fully known and always remain. }5 [8 V; J. a' W0 t
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 z" O; ?; |+ K) d: {( l5 K
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
% E7 [$ _6 C3 }acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 s: |- _, l$ p4 E0 |cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
0 ^( G' x8 M5 f; Kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  u9 P# Z2 }* E6 QThere are conflicting reports and controversy) v( R) P$ c: i5 |+ h5 k' t1 |
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult  f# W6 h: [4 p7 P% D
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
/ e9 q: }( o% _; @+ Y9 y. I4 A) oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' |) W7 _. f# i! s6 Y
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: q$ W. ?; @, ~+ l
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" u7 X5 ]2 P" T, i0 ]2 Dchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
+ F* {9 K3 {% K  D, }1 @7 ]9 [) u( Ipenile length in clinical studies.9 X0 O, z; v5 [$ s/ p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( P  Y% ~0 g+ f: }* K% z. k8 \* Ugoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
" r) @5 ~8 |5 L8 s/ `5 z8 Ftestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 b6 M. y! c# Qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( ~. ]( o% E: t6 K2 G. qAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) V  A( Z- I3 Q# u2 Z# ]$ D2 ^
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( w4 A* k2 L  a9 c" E' Jthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
% B3 b/ {9 K2 j4 Q( v; d6 {& |' Rheight will not be affected.
7 n- m6 b6 ^& W3 K& D0 K6 K: FAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( L8 }. y9 B7 \2 w1 ]ability of androgen products in our society may9 A. \, n2 F. J2 O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 z4 d; e" x- N$ ]! a" x: a2 J7 g: Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% _/ ]7 L  |7 l( H! h; J
gen products must be considered and specific ques-2 Q, P3 N% [. ~: ^
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! i1 ^  L8 x! o4 k& K5 U. \gel should be asked of the family members during
5 E# [% Y% P2 U; K+ F3 d! Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 A' a) j" D$ T* s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-! ?. z* q* @! _5 M
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  }  L" I) R9 K5 E& happropriate history. The inability to obtain such a, q5 K' \& C; g' A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 v, [( v1 b# o0 G8 _7 \
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 Q) \  x2 ~  k/ B& G- K
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 |" ?: F( ~% Y" z# @& P9 P
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% b( c  Y' c$ j9 L. T4 E4 U5 ^1 r5 X1 Fmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
' Q$ ?* |. D9 ?' P$ r0 d: [6 T. BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, j+ _8 `- s" \3 [1 {, N  t  Uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 H7 J5 o3 x7 S0 X
female child who might come in contact with some-8 @+ q5 ~3 N" }+ c9 W/ U' \
one using any of these products.
$ {0 K$ d4 i5 j: j! yReferences
6 P6 s( ^: {. ]+ v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
+ b1 `$ x* z5 c, ?' d8 p+ F$ Nand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 K& E  W. q/ j8 @: o
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( k* \' ~8 x8 r" n7 D, @% U& |
2002: 565-628.
5 I! B2 j( w! b2 S' v$ ?2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 D8 n5 G  ]/ v) v1 ?( V7 V
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
! D& c6 m1 o% I1 o: z9 [2 \! G& o4 u
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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