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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# \5 e7 i% X0 Q: j, T% p
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ y: `& @- s+ B8 l4 F. T) JExposure to Testosterone" p& a4 D6 u( \. K+ Q$ p6 e& w; Y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 I0 F3 D3 g! `4 tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, k3 A: H' ~2 e6 l; @
Clinical Pediatrics! i7 s0 _, M1 a! X
Volume 46 Number 6& K& y! E4 Z* c. `* z2 s" p' y
July 2007 540-543$ m k) C5 ?5 J, _
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 M& a" R/ M. ]+ s& G10.1177/00099228062966510 w1 t( O5 q7 O8 S( W
http://clp.sagepub.com! b- @0 n, F, m5 v/ K: v
hosted at3 O3 W5 B5 `8 d$ t" d" `" Z
http://online.sagepub.com- `; O2 k" e- r' `! G: P
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 }) G; J. y$ B W6 W8 o: n
is a significant concern for physicians. Central8 L# P" p7 D, _# j/ g' `
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 o% F; Y1 J6 ^. X$ k8 T, c) V4 Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ P- N* p' ]: T9 M3 C- o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 {1 j0 ~! }% v* M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. \- Q6 q( j* Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* G, V, H: R+ a3 K0 o8 `/ Q4 Qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: U. y- m3 L$ o9 d& z# y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" l* M% `9 D5 v7 T S% Oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" s5 D% r) n1 b2 ^7 P. l" wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! Z! j. b: D3 P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 K3 K1 j; O. l! H3 o$ r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 I) F/ [0 W+ D/ r" m6 Uthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: g+ {" W, o; D- u2 c1 D/ lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 c2 f3 ]* ]/ \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( y0 Q( J r# _7 @+ T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- j# m4 }) E% q2 v
bly more common than the rare case report in the
G2 W! q. a3 g" o s& o. [literature.4: c. r* J! g, a( t& h, V
Patient Report
" Q4 \! Q( \& pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 A% F3 a# U9 V$ y* I4 ^; {+ pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# k8 n+ U; {+ p% O# x" T9 ~7 o' hof early sexual development. His mother noticed$ z* Z. i- N& z
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& V3 X3 D1 u- {' RFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 T1 X" g2 b" Q1 D2 b- [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. Y* c9 ]+ R* V! h/ G$ m1 _
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: g! Q% r" N* Z& uProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ B3 V! K" Z) S, [0 s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* ^/ G) H4 G& q3 h& B# {/ u
e-mail: [email protected].! S7 w; @! [# }
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' R, J$ t; P6 I" C+ U+ ~7 _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
M m" _) n/ P6 z) Oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' M* {2 _# U% ]
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with- c! n9 d& y+ r; ~& O+ n5 A& _% N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( Q+ p1 R, f) j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ A, G9 D7 V, N3 ]! e$ w+ J. V# yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ k U+ z7 `( K6 t7 H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ o. w4 V; u) C/ q! Q$ k8 ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* O2 y2 }; \% f$ ^$ bwas age appropriate.
: s2 X4 j9 b- ^6 f! oThe family history was remarkable for the father,1 P/ |/ G2 p' F# w* {7 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 x' b7 e3 N" O$ C' z" ]' ^5 e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; ^( T& i: ]. v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 F! v) i! L: v2 h* `' w ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' V2 Z2 M# L& @* `' | b
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 W( O. q a+ A# _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ W1 G1 e( h6 `+ T% [ F3 ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 q& @, ?, Y% [1 G; D9 b% z# S. I: v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 _# K3 H+ m# ? v3 ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 U$ q# Q/ [6 P" p- F
tives. There were no siblings.$ H) n" ` I5 V9 a5 L1 F3 t
Physical Examination1 h1 e' j- Y* ?& C8 z; l
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 Y c! _0 L; F: [1 r0 Pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 H+ i1 }3 {1 U. Ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. o" S$ U. z* q# T6 C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" R X2 n& a0 \4 U6 m! B(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 y- i" i1 H' |* D
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ Y& l6 k' B( T* C1 }) e I' m
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, s' f& E y+ x) K y8 v( h+ WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for" W: v3 z% Z8 g+ M! |' ]% T: {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 D% j& E( n0 n' v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& \4 b' G5 l) R, f+ kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 Y+ E, K5 \% w5405 s3 A$ {. r; w4 | n5 e) p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# d' Z* \4 m7 E2 v. H+ Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ u" M7 r9 \6 v1 m' e/ stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ b+ ~" R' B8 U2 R% Z" D
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
W8 H. f! c. Roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" A! P% ^2 s. e- ?: E+ {. ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ [1 H0 s$ W& t" h, o MNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. k5 D1 Y" H1 X2 m9 I# I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- M; m+ K) e. s4 {8 F5 N
of papilledema.
6 T6 ?" B7 o6 |2 {Laboratory Evaluation
( U+ i& P* [9 @2 FThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ I3 T. x# p2 ?- l9 Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( H7 W$ s$ T( B' O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: W ?& ]- Z1 @/ Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# y% `7 v5 A3 k ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! G4 s! ^6 z& q2 ~% Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 B' B8 b0 P0 a
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- N" n O' k; Aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. q" V; k- A* `- g
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 J7 M" a, X- Z; E+ T9 `* eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# {. P4 b& Y8 a9 H3 H( r(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: N& F# S0 Q* h2 @ n
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; H! g; u1 \- [5 ]2 ^terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) y* r* }' b) D5 a' D l
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% ~( V0 K7 Q8 U/ N6 P* n
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" k* `& N# `. L8 ^1 d+ J
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( r/ _5 J' o: H% S) X. T8 dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; S* H2 B% Y6 i5 P/ \1 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& b3 j' ^; R. O r! r2 Q. Y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 x; Q: t9 G% o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 G3 r) \, |+ rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; x: r4 E5 _5 {' L' g! j& lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: j3 y+ D' w& N3 q
(prepubertal).
! q2 d* f: g& `2 J" fThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 R6 F9 i# J; k1 @results and were informed that all of the tests were$ ?, p) s- I% G5 G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 R$ _. p3 A* j! H& Wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 i! w* ]+ S1 w
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 Z9 y, Q8 O& L7 w' g" O) L0 A' ]
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! O+ q- d1 l2 @8 D4 a6 C! nPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" L1 K6 ~* Q6 k5 \2 C, Ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
u: D8 A' ^: `# Q/ h- F. I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( J# b/ O2 O6 y x' p1 ]9 }1 r k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- Z; ]$ L a& e) w7 V
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. y5 n" T* `/ J6 f- f ~& w6 Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 p( b! D( K2 ~- D" CmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& i f% w* O+ }6 n1 J4 ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ C" E( h7 u& z5 |- t9 [ing frequent erections.
3 U$ Q; k- a2 OBoth parents were again questioned about use of: {3 a. ? c. e7 q8 K! ~3 V. y2 `+ \
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. r* Q6 j3 f* b1 R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 {( D- Q C& U) l6 {) S7 k4 ^: r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 w# u: n. [1 `# o6 J( j1 uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% x" J; {0 ^+ ]7 |" _/ G: h$ o
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 C9 t1 ~* Z6 z) P2 p X4 o8 Q! B# ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! l4 A+ W% ?# nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) e* ]& b7 V0 J6 J; uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 A: {, d* ?2 a3 E* L- V
secondary to depression.
8 e( M/ r; h* TThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. T8 @' F) O/ ]4 l; t% w0 n
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his8 P( c2 j9 w1 X9 _4 h0 A) w
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ d: w& f' |7 K% x- Z0 d8 z( f
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- X Q; B" q1 U5 _
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 B- F5 G3 M# \1 c
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ B- c w5 M8 U; R
was high, he then read the product information
$ C9 S* M1 D! L) S2 _) j+ q+ q: Npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- |8 p( p2 _1 o$ G G8 _$ ^7 Z4 S
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' e ]; S+ w6 |3 H& Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- w/ G1 B9 b* A* ^+ t2 D. P
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 u) r4 X/ y! X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% ~+ Q! C7 Y$ N# w) L; _test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- Q3 R1 h2 d1 _9 u; plaboratory to obtain the test.) ]: u$ Q$ q9 F) ~4 \
Discussion
$ _' c5 C l& f' X& OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" j7 y8 k( X7 Y( Zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' I# ~0 R* Y5 `0 N% S) iPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- t9 S1 \# [6 r# v7 L
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 u1 j) g$ v+ n, H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' W" m; n4 o% w+ S `/ q. Z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 Q* {1 d2 r; J8 a& K; }/ F$ {may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 |. n! U. I9 C9 R; r) O
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 h4 A j2 Q# M: j+ G5 ?+ I4 d( P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" U6 d8 k% m! w- m) G0 n0 E4 y7 a0 Z
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 i3 h/ R9 ]7 T: [2 |7 I0 |
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 }; ~! E+ l7 t9 w$ G2 D0 q0 l% ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, _5 N5 E* X1 j
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 y1 @# J& c' _gonadotropins.1,3
7 y+ }& I6 @# M2 \1 F9 d5 s5 CGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 Q: j- ~' i" g$ }8 j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 a) G/ O( b( B6 i: i! }+ x% j8 H7 ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 r7 J/ E% m r" ]+ E9 u2 L: Y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. ^5 @+ k2 I" G m
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# J9 M4 h% W; r6 \, X( V! Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 U0 p/ P- C5 l6 F @. \ B, Fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious5 w7 f% Q4 R, a+ Q2 d
puberty in boys.3,4
. W8 p' \3 ~0 {2 C: yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
7 e8 a% a7 q" W; |$ v2 F/ x; S" `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
p0 m7 ~5 I8 R% bThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
+ d8 G! l* f8 }4 L* \1 ^excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 Q8 [* z5 T$ S6 I1 Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) z( P r$ c* g+ }
excess.1,3* b8 U$ S6 z2 H% X0 u, K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 A6 c6 R" V/ x9 k542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( [" }$ T1 B. [! w4 S9 E0 aA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 M& m* u+ G# U
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; a j& c% z# T6 \% U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 b# l9 t0 f0 z# l' I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
: g I: {( ~+ P7 \! Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,1 E8 X3 ^* v! L" [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' ~- z2 E Q6 E# n' U( r3 P" @with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 R5 l1 j v% G7 lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' J: [" G8 O4 q0 c$ {& r: Wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 L8 l: x( f5 y: treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 c$ ]0 e( ? S# F* M( sautosomal dominant disorder that affects only' X" L( T# l! \$ s9 ?9 M
males; therefore, other male members of the family/ i- i5 P. D* j& v& |& Y% _: h% a
may have similar precocious puberty.3, U6 ]. X( L6 F( e$ L
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 H0 U) p! x+ u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ T+ V: A- \$ _& M0 p7 `
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% X* f( S' _+ o. ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father" { ~$ F2 \! x0 G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" q4 l) N, T( Q- f# `0 N6 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ | l1 V, L" i" w% K0 b6 Q+ Ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 B# [1 I; T' x! E, M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ }! D2 |9 O: Y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 J2 N# V7 d/ K; r( |either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; e2 ?( f" E" V" h. O
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, [' R9 @2 Y8 ]- ~. H- k6 a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 H( P5 y2 c& n- X! x% XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% |, Z/ ` _" _3 p; X0 o
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* Q3 l4 H; @7 e5 \( E& B( X/ Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 \* d- [( M8 zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 g6 V) L' }; p8 A1 f3 C% m/ |decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- O) h+ r4 J3 u7 ~! p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 |5 D6 [# d0 R8 w. musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 @" {) B3 b+ Y2 e9 b- ~4 h0 ~
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" c6 C* N; Y2 s$ y9 \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' B2 p; F/ L4 Q/ M$ z% E! }unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, f0 d- L, f, P4 w( bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& Q! Q2 H6 P5 s' o6 g4 ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# v" H k1 O" U( b" keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 R$ G# M$ O' g: r
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' Y% T; [5 F2 ~8 t+ C& m" B/ gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ Z p& \. u0 ]" a2 D' G9 H3 }4 wOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 u ~5 P- W. Y$ r% v, r2 [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. m4 E8 v; T3 @* a. q7 ~dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ R! [6 ` h5 D) j
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 \0 }* \) _0 p7 G; }) cactive in young children exposed to testosterone% U+ K% C# K8 ~- D7 u# U1 L8 }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 [; \# ~6 K/ k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" Q+ j- K6 C H O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& I& T5 x" \& xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and1 X0 [: q2 _0 H0 F7 {4 q* u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) @# y9 o% J1 o& E( \, tThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 b' {4 Y% ^) L6 \; Jearly childhood on pubertal development and final% B$ h& W; t' h; ?
adult height are not fully known and always remain$ c8 r' b$ G" [- b1 I: S
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 s: U" F. b/ s! ^ M; Wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# K# K8 G: C: u4 U) ]5 Z+ }( @acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ ]) M' H5 S6 v& Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- L. i. H& P4 P) H% H8 b! J+ m4 s6 T Q& _
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) E) U! x3 _, ^2 J- `There are conflicting reports and controversy
- {% E" _: i/ o5 a- o6 X. L5 V' f% t1 vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 g0 R% Y# M4 c3 Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
[' e5 L1 g& \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) h; u3 z% C$ |: P$ C. F6 G
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 ?; D3 T' C6 ~. |' PSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: ^5 a9 N( [6 ]+ w `childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( p# j5 K' Y0 y, t! B8 _5 N
penile length in clinical studies.
6 v0 M6 D* D' J$ I6 [0 dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is R9 f( F1 Y& p2 o' M( j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- y8 r9 J4 y: G, k, n7 y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! H% b P+ U3 o# K0 z3 j8 |
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 q& `9 n r4 O/ d1 A6 @7 j) UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
& ?, L1 H" a& `, n8 g9 G' mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ l" [8 \6 }' k [+ p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 N: c# ~* o, V9 c2 C9 r
height will not be affected.
) R! y7 ^4 ~( B/ A9 KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-( X: w( ~' k8 j d" j
ability of androgen products in our society may; c9 n8 d9 o' f! S8 B- ?
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ o8 z+ v2 B: J( R: K& Nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: F4 m# S+ t: `3 R# M. a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 r5 I/ H6 W% u6 E+ Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or- M* F% l, V# ~$ {( r) Y$ ^' T
gel should be asked of the family members during- b+ R3 r# P& q$ Y# S
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 Y' t; m% g7 S8 d+ M( U* J
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 V3 w( r* L2 ^; [4 L! S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 M2 o9 l. {. }3 m/ G/ I+ j
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ k$ z% u" z: \" b& b4 Y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; h" O2 e0 `9 d4 C, aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( O9 Y3 c9 N- c7 S
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ q! C. j2 v% E
aware of this fact, because most of these children: z. J" q. w0 S7 V5 n
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, \' D! w, |4 J! C8 U' O' d
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, N) s) S$ ^5 j8 W3 \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ Z" q4 B, [7 e$ x9 W* k$ u
female child who might come in contact with some- M! [ p9 @6 b4 c. q1 x& P" ~
one using any of these products.
: {/ }( {0 p& n5 _8 A" V+ X; MReferences* |6 [) @# u8 |$ b+ M/ ?% L5 H
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 ?/ V E, r( `2 j1 Q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- h# @5 y2 ~: M# aEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- b8 r" `% i5 X0 n; U0 g8 J* N) n2002: 565-628. m1 t0 o% `0 `/ A! x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 ?3 `* u. m& J( a3 u2 Lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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