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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 G. Z- ~' g, p: E( `/ ?Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; T2 X7 ^0 i* D# n# \, ?Exposure to Testosterone- z3 o+ G/ p- } X. T0 w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 }# n; @, D6 `* z1 }
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 B5 o# i& {( q7 `$ ~7 z
Clinical Pediatrics
. I$ @/ z1 }; Y+ v6 k# GVolume 46 Number 6
2 q$ y7 P6 z$ g1 PJuly 2007 540-543
/ G' L% u" t9 X5 h2 C© 2007 Sage Publications
+ ?7 U/ m3 a- e( u' ]' ^10.1177/0009922806296651/ J2 x, g3 e3 {5 e
http://clp.sagepub.com5 i) f( Z+ x4 ^* F9 L
hosted at
$ O) i3 Y5 a2 K3 Fhttp://online.sagepub.com
% d8 }% `2 u# K$ m1 n7 C" g. \Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 R4 p# n& o0 K! A6 Q7 f! D
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& s2 z+ `% Y% b. o* uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 W( H% q! ~" |) H% b; l
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 O* p& c. B2 e( ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 Q; [0 U# m% y! slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: @2 Q8 K0 j, H$ k1 I8 o
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& d7 M6 e$ z$ Ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' ]5 Z7 b7 A/ Y2 {, f) pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 a' _1 `8 ` L6 z( g6 l3 _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: L: Q0 q2 f* J7 L, o) {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% R. D J# W& [
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 [6 r3 T) z/ G% pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 v! u; S1 v, u1 E: O. tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-; \: \- u: }. P% a Z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, y4 [! h' t% u) l0 O; F
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 S( {0 } ]- D6 N' }. y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
1 \4 `6 z" Y% n& M$ ^3 F( B. hbly more common than the rare case report in the: K& @0 @) u! J0 O1 ?9 @! p
literature.4& y" {7 s5 l7 I w# A" P
Patient Report0 u. K" F$ q; X$ s8 y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ r: Y G; ]: x8 Gendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, y- ~0 ^+ H4 E! |! t2 zof early sexual development. His mother noticed Y- ]5 c' t0 I6 E) d( Q/ F5 `# G
light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 E; q' o: f- J- t. B2 zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 ?; d. V2 @& d3 e5 G- k( G# u! z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 E$ T6 c i8 g1 l- w6 aAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,0 H- c% A# }* h# _
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 C% [* ^/ s, c8 x" R) Z9 F
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ ?7 H1 H0 o; w! U( D: M. ve-mail: [email protected]./ D2 X$ V% E7 X1 E% s& ^) h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 X8 |* x5 k+ U6 s) H3 o" g0 Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# C: d+ j* h9 m* s& v7 b% R* D u
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 l) X$ n) R8 ]$ s/ x
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 [( m; M. d0 B1 Wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 x6 X& [ G& @- ~# O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 h% E8 K9 h. ?0 D6 ^9 A R
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- [9 k9 d2 y8 Z8 a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
0 Q" o. Z6 E9 N2 sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: ~6 M: H% Q5 M. K8 wwas age appropriate.
, d) [: j" v$ c& y. h& m( ^The family history was remarkable for the father,, j' D# ?2 R, E" S V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16, B% ~: P' M% b0 R
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 c$ _4 M6 b" D$ C( cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% p1 E0 g7 m; [$ D0 ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., w! D0 Y9 z+ \% N- k5 ?& c! ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The
4 C* _. C* \! \" Q. {+ t, ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ Q) [2 n0 [' n0 ]; ^1 ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- J) `6 k. [- ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: u8 J4 n7 [1 J; T, u
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 @: b( a' E! M; ]5 [: G
tives. There were no siblings.
8 f: u1 F& q1 I" `/ H+ \9 Z; r5 iPhysical Examination
# Y* x& n% k: D4 t" D$ }The physical examination revealed a very active,2 X ?1 }1 n5 r' V) d3 n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) R/ w% m$ P% a0 X ]! a* Z3 H
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 }2 }4 ]1 w1 s2 B+ P( t9 `90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( m1 C8 ?2 f; h" [0 o- b5 \* C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: y) e/ v# w7 c; U; C
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 j1 d$ g# J! }, X$ s7 X8 e7 c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 g* p0 O& l: q2 x9 R! g, s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 g2 A4 {3 b2 ^) P0 \( p: xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
O9 Y! Y- b& Y( N0 }( l9 c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 S4 M' C2 {8 z; c6 h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 G/ q; S/ R- V540
. W+ g" J4 ~, v* H- r kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 L) e' X$ P6 m- Y1 X- kthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 B' ^7 ~$ C( W, x' L! v# itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." m0 y/ {8 M5 T$ [7 j
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 @8 w. ^. H& F; coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 T( o: i( T( P) F I& M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. r6 N0 f) N0 }2 D& [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 J X9 T0 |2 O4 U. lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
. `( M/ W" r1 R9 m8 Hof papilledema.
3 k# H0 I& n# e6 ~0 z6 e4 zLaboratory Evaluation; s$ R0 I, {+ r# p9 I
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
: Y$ w. k- j9 @2 ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ Y: k1 R0 }! T$ I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% Z* B N% v( M" U' ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( K# ]- r' v" I% w O7 R" ^
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 n/ ^' l: A& g! r7 M; @' }lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; O) s% }4 |4 x5 u8 J9 R0 Z5 f
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 l9 f2 L& R* ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% N5 |+ ^& e2 swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
) d* U; Z1 u2 X& C9 hof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ k) o2 P8 c1 _( u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 a+ V( m0 ?0 V, ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 Q6 _* s6 v% H" Z4 ~9 G; }
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 D+ m$ Q/ M) h# s0 k. C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% |1 I- C- x' c+ a+ u49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% p% a1 j2 u, f" {- Y' [$ Vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 u( ]6 u7 R( ^& t3 Q2 otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' _0 v9 f" i" G( [# }/ t7 O/ ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 i, ~3 @# s* g6 ?! F
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! c1 l7 [ p: D0 v& {; l
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
d1 C c; H* {: R, j& wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 s( u$ f9 S% v1 g- b/ M: z, z G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
# D% b% `1 P1 F# W- k7 D; |(prepubertal).
+ {9 H2 Q ]* n: @% j" P& U6 _The parents were notified about the laboratory4 p5 K( g5 C& O& A: I
results and were informed that all of the tests were
g" ^& p6 s1 m+ {) \9 g2 wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
C7 C1 O' M1 P! M( p$ `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, D, C f: e( t
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' f, ~- [. a( R( F6 B7 R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% Z, [+ o: v/ F' Q0 h$ M/ F, XPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
! H, N' |: N, E5 [) qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 Q+ f1 L3 y3 V4 G2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 H+ P v: D4 t8 \, j2 ~+ P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, n1 j" F2 J+ _- R% A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at o6 W" J2 x" D. E: U0 l9 ^1 v9 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: \& a) p, {, f# W. V
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 x/ v0 x" h9 p* m+ e! f
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( A9 n* w. U, d5 r& {ing frequent erections.
3 H2 R6 F, K8 g& B; PBoth parents were again questioned about use of- Z! e9 @" T$ v4 _# S
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 S; j5 K+ j) i+ r0 G! ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 O# `0 O% ~* X4 r6 P8 {+ J$ x, z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) f5 _0 Z: b" b* k+ I" P9 n+ q9 g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 C& F$ H1 z8 O- E- M4 n
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% R3 [7 c6 D9 G+ A# w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& l5 I0 b/ d% M% m% x' m. m8 w. tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre- `8 E" v% o; ~/ Y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 U& s& W3 `6 V& Y, c: T
secondary to depression.
# w5 S2 F; A# t. j. N0 [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 O. D+ ?$ g( k) m* X1 G, Z8 x* @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* w& S# @, |! ], G7 C7 achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* S/ a! i# `1 L
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
5 Z& t3 H- B; c; H+ dThe father also admitted that after the phone call,' j& s: F: ?6 m6 t. w' M# N
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" `+ s P* G" M5 R ~
was high, he then read the product information$ r) i+ b% f! {: A$ O' n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, K: Y# ~* }- G$ z9 x# K/ T' D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 o* q6 @. p$ @) |5 W7 ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& ]3 D( C0 e4 N6 ?0 @9 t8 H1 @7 Xfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" M( d: c: y" O( [/ Y) g) Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 d# \: K1 f- T; `, @' u1 S" }
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the: \6 i! r9 B. j. b2 R
laboratory to obtain the test.
, W" @; v$ `: y7 D0 T ODiscussion
2 Y9 l' Y+ I8 ?1 s. w. |Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 p! r: w/ G6 Y: K" {3 ~# n
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. v% e, n+ I) X# A# n! V
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" X' R9 s8 j% z7 M. v6 Z1 P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! w( V4 c' c1 v. j% bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: h2 z& s9 M' a& n
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% q; r+ F$ w" q; Z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 h U; D8 x/ u0 iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. N# K' H j7 ~& k7 z3 gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' I5 g- M/ g: M3 n3 H/ ~$ F
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% t0 f4 @3 k3 C3 M0 F) p( [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 Q1 r* V* `- E) p3 _! r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 Z0 n/ @" d- T3 I- T5 R$ b1 V
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, c" C5 V1 n; F2 y3 g2 h. b
gonadotropins.1,3% f$ n, R" F2 ^4 v1 ?7 r! @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; r2 n) r6 f/ O ]! `cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; f( \. u6 c% P4 t. K3 randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 W" G- m# g$ g, D' `6 bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: p. G3 l' @& J1 g* A7 Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
' r! B0 `+ _$ z* bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, }9 I F0 C$ w' u% F, q3 O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
]# H: W+ {3 b T7 h/ hpuberty in boys.3,4
% f6 h, N. V, S( k' a6 N9 U+ @3 `. V! PThe most common form of congenital adrenal! }% A; s4 n9 I5 |, ?# X2 \" F/ Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., u9 f6 N3 I" w; ^4 l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in C4 ]9 V0 h. b0 r: {# ^+ a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* G1 t: o) R U/ X# h0 t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 C% M3 _2 y' u/ \
excess.1,3
, } f/ F/ Q2 N, @0 d# Z6 P ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 n9 }1 {, ]' P u4 _$ Z! _+ r1 e% O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; N g& K: a; C8 Y8 N8 j( v4 K
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( A7 o5 Q2 p3 j6 Oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 Z6 N$ A2 g Oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 D7 d6 y i3 G0 B4 Q s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 H* S6 u; W' [% u
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
# S' L: k( I7 ?4 D2 wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* z8 k' }5 q4 q. F* xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ f' M g( p+ j6 L$ A% I
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 l4 w" y5 P/ h7 l- a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- r* E# M; Z5 a2 g# X
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ I" Z Q9 ?( A2 U! h6 g6 S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only* Z! L2 i# K; J. F# Z+ | W$ K1 v
males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ S& p8 F- n$ Xmay have similar precocious puberty.3
. ?! r5 o: i/ ]. n1 O' Z; J! pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ O# ^ u3 u6 {! x* u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ H) z# E }- P8 H. p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 K c6 b) s! b/ L
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) x4 Z4 n: C/ [$ Ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 f, f1 `( L r) _8 atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the" u, t( ?0 C O; H" ~0 v/ ?
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! ~7 A* m' e# i/ u
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 r! c4 Z- j+ V. [
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 M- F- J- P6 w G8 {0 v
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, ]" d; \9 [ L/ b
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ o8 E4 n+ S, X/ r! V* t6 ]+ g
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ l8 @7 Z1 W+ u) A# |
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# B4 v) f% p4 W' L( rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ V' g1 X L; d% k: G. a1 P9 ~the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 }2 G: g3 g5 _( A( q/ X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, [5 R2 L, P) u* O1 b7 }) \decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ B& B4 B# u# a# t8 u. y# [. aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- p4 i* q0 M/ e" o# \0 p# J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- N# P& z( \5 m% dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 D9 K: h2 P3 B4 y5 M/ ecream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ v5 W( H/ [, a! V2 Ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 p8 L5 \* B" b- }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ s8 L& [0 |0 A9 P! t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to J# a9 X3 N* @8 o
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 d \+ I! I3 U8 P% {- B% Q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* z7 p* K8 R9 v; E& ?6 t5 t# u) Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! M5 g: y6 T, X! h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; N1 I/ A% A8 s* bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# |0 ^0 K) ?/ V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% {1 U) W8 S: T/ L
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* v7 s5 G, k U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# a5 b7 P- k3 o0 Q/ mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 n* t) u3 k1 }& S. c9 U, O6 q R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 v* C: k4 P7 T( r. d* U% W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ H6 l3 P/ u$ t! n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 _3 T: s* g- A, |8 }advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ @4 O/ Z8 Y. [, OThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during& k) ]7 R% ]/ N7 U5 A
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 G6 g i: v! p
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) d' w* E* j$ V' `* V+ Ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 }0 ^& A0 i# V% ^1 ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# C% w4 V4 k6 S3 f+ P, M
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* e1 I, _3 K0 L; V2 v9 \- ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 d$ C2 }9 S* N2 ]& xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& {# N3 z4 G3 W7 XThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ ~; R3 X* y, ^9 u/ o e. Z; Yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 _9 u" `$ i+ o8 [( w9 q0 u3 openile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 Q4 e' Q* d- e* O1 X
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 `; w3 Y9 w; h' m& `
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However, |/ q: L e/ X& z( v' @1 N
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# m+ w! _* h: S* s# g) Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& ]2 C% [0 a Y0 r
penile length in clinical studies.
- E1 J5 V9 V6 N: `, d, pNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 G+ s$ E% Z+ ~8 Q# p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from, l& [- x3 i+ t$ C2 K9 h' p. L
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( ~, F4 _2 R2 _" h8 \' `0 e, Dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( U1 }* c. ~# t0 k7 v: B* C$ L
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 B7 }. r3 ]! n$ adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ A s, k2 y# f, e" H5 ?the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, e2 m7 I6 ~9 L. iheight will not be affected.
4 z+ n7 j7 r; @4 c9 j/ f- [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-( F" W( x! r; A3 R( g
ability of androgen products in our society may- q6 c; `1 Q) B& X
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; r0 e+ d% h$ ?2 Z- w4 W
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* X r- S! i1 T9 h5 ?' ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
# v% \+ }- ^" |1 Q' [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ n7 p- e& ?3 q
gel should be asked of the family members during
% w* X9 w4 w: T8 u/ ^: n' _: |the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 \9 C3 g& q. `0 X3 G& M. U% V- I
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ x4 {0 r% A8 t' l5 b
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. I8 g! Q$ w: D! |4 o
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& q1 y* U) w* Q0 M, R; r$ W% d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ B# B) a# {- a! I0 Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: A* Q& J; E! V+ n' {/ g8 ^+ o# g
investigation. The primary care physician should be
. J+ \% \0 R+ H) M4 ?3 Z Caware of this fact, because most of these children
. d# Z; z) h( S; U' ?0 T9 emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 }1 J x! m% a) S! U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* \! t l+ o$ q5 J4 @. \8 ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 b( w: d6 z3 J8 [female child who might come in contact with some-. C, p* z+ G+ B2 ?
one using any of these products.
0 v/ q! Y5 t+ J+ ~7 C( h0 IReferences1 J, ?7 H* W- g- N* q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) n% `4 Y3 Z- Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. y% k/ q- Z+ F8 VEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 {# L5 {5 i! n$ F+ Z9 O8 h2002: 565-628.3 v' P( u j' N
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: n9 J& v6 X- ~) R( s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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