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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* O* F7 W8 k# m5 Q; `: o) n
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical- y$ a) c n r+ B
Exposure to Testosterone
% r5 b2 J+ C9 tSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, C( P, @* c$ M1 D% ^
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 o4 J/ B5 R. Q4 u4 b+ N
Clinical Pediatrics
8 r: O+ i' _+ uVolume 46 Number 6
0 F- n: d" W8 @! I/ D- j) uJuly 2007 540-543% P: l1 z0 r; W; k. f1 T
© 2007 Sage Publications7 N- E# w' u' e0 Q6 t$ l7 o
10.1177/0009922806296651% D1 ^5 J) `0 o1 }- G* f6 }( w& j
http://clp.sagepub.com- b- G3 y( }. g( E4 c( f% {# O
hosted at
' J6 V$ R) E! T' r- |http://online.sagepub.com
; Y3 s- ]! m+ E/ PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 s9 I$ ]- m4 z; R8 _0 fis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; P8 d* C$ y' e: `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# k }8 K- w, o' Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' `& e% ]( e$ W" |* K9 m7 h9 B- ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system* x0 B8 K$ h1 w) D5 [( U' M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: v2 \; o, |( e p& aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" k( F3 q8 e/ f, w# U& V
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 T8 C5 w2 l* r7 Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 M5 W+ `) v7 \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' S2 W S- t- E
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 k' ], d O% i R# B( t, x' [
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' \, ^& P# o6 ~ Q& M6 Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" Q% `0 H5 N/ qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 a2 y/ ]0 \' i; T/ b) A
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- q X9 S0 o, O+ zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, k! |% k8 [' ^: Ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, s2 C1 E, g& P8 V
bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 L4 Y# j8 ~! `7 _+ o. xliterature.4( Z/ O# `9 o0 l$ ^5 K4 c( R9 B2 H0 D
Patient Report
( }* Y; [2 N, M- |" ^A 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 @5 c# ?! F* T) Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 f. s" O. I( R$ g! Y) {8 l8 h% J
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, O' t0 G& u; H( ] n9 ilight colored pubic hair development when he was- ^% @1 v$ L; M. @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: G% Y2 C: U* F2 G% ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 f4 H1 j5 k. B$ S' YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,* H" b' z! B* k' H2 _7 w1 G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ Z5 P3 ?6 W) u, M4 E+ ?Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;( }% N/ g$ O1 V# z7 u# b; l" [- @
e-mail: [email protected].
+ ?& d, h' K( Fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( e {. p+ c$ D; k& v" X3 q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-. l$ j" C( ^1 t7 K/ V
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child K, h+ k3 Z& l+ D5 R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' Z/ D+ X# s% m9 E9 |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% h+ u& Y/ v2 D4 s) n, U1 G' |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year, y, I# ~: f# \6 G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ U, p7 X" i; K0 z/ m6 x( c. H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 Z) y6 T7 o+ W. M7 l: E& R5 \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! j: w( l& W& x! z1 o
was age appropriate.
' i J3 ?, p# ^1 IThe family history was remarkable for the father,
H' `( ^( w) }. @& E' Iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 F$ q% ^6 t, u% G3 q' iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. f, h1 `8 n8 [% n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ `$ W( ~! |! w2 @- W5 P! s2 M
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 l; Z9 i4 c5 zThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 H& k: B- Z9 Z3 W& c/ [8 e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( A: m" A" _" [8 uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) ~- a8 N& [( ?: M8 C$ p+ {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 h/ b" ^# Z) [
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- m1 K- j6 q. J
tives. There were no siblings.
4 N g7 j& T9 W# p% E0 a1 w7 MPhysical Examination
+ ^# @) l7 }7 i/ i/ ?, VThe physical examination revealed a very active,: V: |1 o3 L3 g" L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' o4 b: D% {0 h" Q% K0 Y- v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( {4 W; {8 d% z2 S# R, Z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 i# D, f& t1 S, B
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' w/ p6 T3 E" q/ n" Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 G+ n- z0 L( I7 }
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* i0 `! i% S, v+ |$ G
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ L% D) [# i1 `" s G: q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% r- L, e$ h6 `8 ?# q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! K1 W9 r Q$ y/ i& W1 R% a" q6 V
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around u# o% ~* D. }" A/ c; n1 ~
540
4 v; q2 S v* G9 s D9 Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 ~+ V2 v4 w4 l0 Q# t0 o: w! U
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 b6 H+ G& b9 b7 Y' I- r5 V8 dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 K+ y/ I" D; c8 ]& ]5 q* gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" q7 T- W* q; w8 _* q4 moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& A9 ]; } C8 A! Iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( q7 u, H4 p b- ^. u5 S9 b6 G
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" U! r$ }+ ]0 ]& r$ e$ i( xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
C5 h' W/ N7 ~/ I- Z6 hof papilledema.; t' ~ {% t. ]: b3 ~# R+ d) K, Z
Laboratory Evaluation
" O2 e0 f0 F: X# i$ J6 u, ?' SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by* V# Y8 {3 `7 ~( w5 r# X5 {/ A
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 O5 w+ R4 _' F$ Ylogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: \% ^/ a& r$ A8 lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* ^' K* F/ V9 D) p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% [# ~0 c7 v3 V1 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% Z. E& F/ w( b: y- R- y( d# {: e
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 N& I n% ~8 c8 S9 ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" q2 Q0 J$ H/ hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration1 T% r- S+ [; X, y# }: F# R2 i; @& w
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: o- @* N4 O( ~(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- U7 a: G3 C" s; ~% @ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ S! j" y7 t( J; _- e
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ q2 X, R- r8 G0 P. Q9 Kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- K" ^5 w6 z& d0 X49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 d2 Z" f( [/ x( u$ z/ awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 S+ |7 Y# s& x% r& L E$ n. {, Ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; A2 ~7 n* M9 s0 O$ A1 B- ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 r) Z0 B+ l7 E9 h; v6 ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. \+ F0 r; D0 y' f" L! s* r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 _: _7 D& S9 Ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: u( U/ D p0 k5 oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
]2 P) [0 |6 ~1 Z+ q+ x6 P(prepubertal). J( i+ Q9 C, O- ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory% d5 W) x' |( f5 I) p2 l! n
results and were informed that all of the tests were# p( f4 T) ^2 q+ p) Z. M+ B
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
( O, Z. |$ ~0 |: V7 b0 s+ X; l7 ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# |* r" w% M; m
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 Q2 j7 Q/ m) @* d, Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) Z+ ^$ b( R( z+ j7 z$ |+ v+ q7 EPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 o5 b. b. f2 p3 @3 [8 ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 T5 J7 E+ L1 r: Q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ m$ X+ @ w8 j; D- E y
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 m& {% Q' x5 ]7 g2 }9 z
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at d+ K; T( @5 m3 s' b. n8 Y/ A1 U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" ?% @; C2 o c0 c9 TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ @: n% L2 d9 w0 D/ |- ]
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: I7 h( a1 k. d$ v+ I
ing frequent erections.
) Q/ I; f. F: Z# |6 N( O9 S+ k( r# E/ B: [Both parents were again questioned about use of
: a% x5 v. v! O- N7 X' M7 `8 Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to: }( ?& D; ]$ B. b9 K, l* {: ~- ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* j7 Z* n: [ ]$ r3 }, U' t) ?" P9 hTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( J7 t; C2 J+ ?' e3 K& w' suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" y9 ~8 L+ z1 O9 R" f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ G2 _6 L& o: ?& M9 ^$ V' ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed% K+ F3 [8 r1 H8 k3 d
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. u0 Q8 `; X7 H* A- S
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 y+ H9 i" h5 Z, F4 E
secondary to depression.; f' r- c% h7 ?5 ?) o
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
8 \ `0 N8 l! i$ j8 @2 K6 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 u8 `% w. Y" h9 n3 p0 B
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) C1 Y1 v, Y$ F' o* q- w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! P9 W2 X9 I' e: S" i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
- U1 x: l5 e; Z0 Q9 V A- ^- S( o0 Zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; [8 H+ K7 y! h. S( K
was high, he then read the product information) w: }! ]) p9 k; ]% n: n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ h# I( B+ M6 d; f& ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) g" t; C j" h- c9 H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' l$ o c2 l! }father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 \0 Y/ y' A6 [8 L) k8 R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 n& _/ X i6 ]" dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the* Z/ X9 p* v0 k% z1 b9 K, O. B
laboratory to obtain the test.
- c8 o1 m |# C {% T( zDiscussion& @6 y, t0 O1 C% a- s
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ X* j, f% j1 G* Msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% J0 I! ]/ r6 Q i9 P# t9 e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* s, b/ H6 R& L* Q+ O4 q! uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* H9 ]7 D. @1 M1 n
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 L5 y+ G6 ^, l) q9 V$ gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! Z, y6 `0 N* K7 E; `! hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
. w. ?" M* o0 k) M3 Zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 z' Z- ^5 D. Iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) K4 a# M& O* z1 o7 \( C* i0 q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 F+ N& V1 ]) o% E8 mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 r/ U) \% U. H" L/ R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# T# w* ]7 w5 O9 H1 W2 Zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' @! j' \4 Q) w2 T% Vgonadotropins.1,3
7 R/ [# Y8 ]& M/ ZGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, I3 J+ X' r A; g9 V. i5 `. t7 icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 d& I+ c; P- F6 i( L$ X* G- r, uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 d. K v% e& Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 v3 [$ p0 Z& w% F, [6 Z J6 @ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" V' b9 d( t2 d, W; N: F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 }9 V% G5 u8 d1 k& k+ C9 Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 o- j: M+ l9 Y y% e0 L2 kpuberty in boys.3,4: n2 x; W/ G2 X; J. Q+ F
The most common form of congenital adrenal) |( c7 g! o/ I- k
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% }+ q8 I& @: V. b# {# ?
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 H: q: ]8 g% L6 `( [
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. S; B+ Y9 J/ Z' O4 `& Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% o% E$ N+ U! I, D# A+ q5 _excess.1,3
% h t$ P$ Z" a3 j4 Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 `$ i' r4 T" d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( o5 h- O8 k% c8 h+ ?A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ T! V4 l* Z2 h L( K7 n4 sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 q7 P% ^* M6 a% ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
( i6 h( H/ T$ j: f3 J1 K( \+ Q9 }very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 Y' l* `5 |! X2 z2 O! V. r% W& fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
0 a; g0 A2 q' C2 H2 H0 H1 Jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 v1 a5 L8 Q6 L& Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 `! E ]8 Y3 T, B9 B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ x" o$ u# `% @# \8 ~6 T! `pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ X1 y# B% X1 }0 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) Q/ a! s: {1 o; }" m9 e: o* p: A
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only: T) M: k9 O3 U- q) Y' g
males; therefore, other male members of the family
) \. x9 x0 n& Z z1 |may have similar precocious puberty.3- ?$ s* k+ K8 e; P% s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 [( ^$ s! [0 f O6 H! a" `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
" E* T ^& J6 }* dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
w. c) U0 t0 k; `7 R* o5 Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' b7 P/ Q: Z' J% E( e0 Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- f! j' y& G, f8 F' n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# c$ X8 O) P% Y! ~! G2 C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! K/ B3 I v3 a* N- n& Q7 ]; K/ wative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ |( i3 x S0 C0 }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 u* j3 F. g4 P
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
W+ _* ~6 c+ N! y- g) P$ }deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 Q& y: n: N- R( _% X( {* }' Iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% p; E; Z9 m% W" l3 h) E$ lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: ?. r) c5 @" f$ [6 Fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 g$ W( _- @: t" D$ k. N4 p
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ H0 G7 K" D, m" S) O X6 ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# e |) G" D/ h/ h* [$ @. Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) R% P. Q% N8 U+ R
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& m% g, ?/ l; e) pusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' a+ C" M* f. E' }
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( g/ F# f0 p) Y* }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# F; y# _ ^ Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure." C) P) v* t( _! E& R: m
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 M( |! S8 k$ q# G0 }. @
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 T9 n: e0 j' Y5 S/ q8 Z7 J" G% [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) d u( t0 X" G5 U3 ~) u8 j+ B% J4 n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' g) X9 s( |1 t: L/ S
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 `0 L) {) c) P, z8 k& L3 F1 ZOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: b5 u0 e$ m3 R3 u, K' S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 B) l" f) G" v: o- Hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- W9 |) c4 P0 Q( @3 \) Z; iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 g% z' P- j) Z2 U1 G
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( S& ~: O3 c1 \: P) y$ zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
\) B. C8 |7 P Tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- r+ |2 o; @* o$ `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 |1 i# _: S }- d& Y& Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
. d' x' r% Y% madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 m) F4 N0 ~& h; U! t8 z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- h5 X* Z/ \+ q/ Y
early childhood on pubertal development and final
- J) f+ E3 Q- N2 ^+ ^adult height are not fully known and always remain: c2 l l# s8 W8 K' ?1 `1 M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. I* I, {' M' Z6 N8 T
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 j7 O8 l0 G* Macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( C5 l* f4 q6 z# w- G) kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' }: [( Z# U1 P' P9 f) C5 R
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 T- ? U; X' ~* s6 Z VThere are conflicting reports and controversy3 d- ]5 R0 s6 p: s1 p; L* f8 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. k* K+ v0 U+ `penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
Y1 ]" {3 T; \/ P1 w1 \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% b" d, f8 _$ ]$ vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 d K& ?2 u4 T+ `
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
( A+ _3 ?# `. k F& x, D& ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ M, Q q- Z/ B1 [# u" d* {penile length in clinical studies. A" e" @; y2 p$ w2 [9 b. J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 x' x- f$ |4 z* j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ Z1 Z6 }6 {. I" ntestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" p( g6 t- w) Z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: h6 z+ z' b% ^Although the bone age was advanced at the time of; w7 a6 [8 x5 d4 |( p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, h1 C1 S2 f) E1 _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! ?1 ^2 g9 f8 o. N
height will not be affected.! A0 q$ O/ c- o4 x6 k
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) u8 M3 d# f# t5 cability of androgen products in our society may
1 n, |5 B& u. b9 [# O/ c6 C5 Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female! u, K! H7 X7 D1 N: V0 _# }
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 l9 a9 _$ S- r' {4 H. Ugen products must be considered and specific ques-
: Q) S0 Q5 S& Z ]- ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 t* G2 z2 K* ]: `% q T1 M7 {
gel should be asked of the family members during& E9 N8 a( a" p% n& k. u
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-, J! t, b. ?+ E% G) U( R: S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" r/ L7 e) C+ u' ?: q- ~, K# O
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 u% P9 H5 z4 T1 m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( w" J8 C4 H' l1 H9 o% r
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may/ ^% Q/ U$ ~4 A
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ u7 ~( G$ X7 T, b5 E
investigation. The primary care physician should be
, C! u, L) F$ I% h1 j: {" z% V/ faware of this fact, because most of these children. N: _! y1 H0 z. X4 W* g R
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) o: H9 M& X+ N$ h6 T' v2 T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' Q T4 P' @# V% ~ l7 d
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ v, K7 F) [$ {& n6 Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-2 R1 M |, c, ~- L' ]- i- `
one using any of these products.
/ O& H X: N! I2 f4 @References& F3 d H9 K2 W7 I. i. ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 \+ O W; R+ F. Q& w' Q$ Z u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' H/ f/ J5 f' TEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 o" y; g( k9 n- V
2002: 565-628.
7 b( b9 d, j' K. Z! ^4 M |2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. r4 n8 H1 T zpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|