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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( a  A" c3 o- S3 Q' N9 L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! t% M1 x$ t0 Y- BExposure to Testosterone
7 M2 U+ k# U3 Y2 S, HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 Q" _3 H  [4 a( I& ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1# V+ v4 E  |7 G% J
Clinical Pediatrics' u! d9 x8 G' W  I/ ~/ u0 p# E6 {
Volume 46 Number 6- `% e9 ]3 ^+ Z6 S
July 2007 540-543
! W- d  w: L; I- K* P) a© 2007 Sage Publications' H) q: j! k7 q1 C$ D
10.1177/00099228062966517 P4 U* Y  y- b. O" S
http://clp.sagepub.com
' w+ Z; h# e+ x* n) t6 Phosted at
. |/ O7 T1 M! q2 `http://online.sagepub.com" o3 I. ~1 C1 Z: p$ K2 S, L% C6 z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 X6 O+ O% g, ?0 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central3 b0 b- @* M/ X0 D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, x& h0 `# u1 P2 lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
  B! h" d% `5 A5 a0 Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 _% ~  X- o! B2 Y8 f8 D$ Z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 r, w! N( c$ `+ O; b: O: e" Kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( V  Y4 r6 V7 s- h& n6 d) H
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! M+ s5 r/ U7 mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: D8 Y* R8 ]  N% L
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, I& ?  k! R" V5 N0 O2 q1 {) }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- f* ?+ `6 l/ |6 X9 ], [  {5 r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% ]2 d1 x; m7 `0 s$ i" Z) Gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 p  f! P( g& x6 s0 X: e2 ]the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) S; k7 ]: |# W9 omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ J8 `% r* {  Z* Lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of" j# N. C% S- M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 H4 t6 F! K. t4 @! p7 x& K
bly more common than the rare case report in the, o' c& B1 L! l
literature.4
3 B* o3 }( d- b# P8 ?" \2 U  TPatient Report
( Q0 n- X; m3 z; C! j1 b7 q8 ]) v6 lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the; R+ q! }  z: t/ H9 W/ C: S
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) n5 y; s# N; }; @7 V! X) F9 h( oof early sexual development. His mother noticed  R/ l7 `2 u9 {/ g% Z' j
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ g! A  l" U* W! zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" Z5 q1 B; v2 U7 X, I& q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, j$ o7 z: w. Z4 ^- l" }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: ~" ^( X  Q5 ~. i! R! `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% c0 h$ i' N, U. E$ LMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) w6 b; m* q, v8 x
e-mail: [email protected].+ ^2 F( n7 C  \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ Z- p: B6 _; Y" y# V+ a4 X+ cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 w2 G( S- X& h+ q5 ?# K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 l) Q! K7 s6 F" ~8 p/ F3 |& Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( D$ R6 _% t5 O) m' [a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 q' {, H: b- b& `20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; V( w2 P" F0 k3 |+ J8 X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 r' A5 h- h/ ]9 F  z1 z6 U5 y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 o0 J: r. R( @5 L3 K/ q9 M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: p/ z: [4 p8 h- w# A! [7 L
was age appropriate.
4 O9 X& v! W+ }8 W5 IThe family history was remarkable for the father,
* g0 X1 e' B5 d* `4 d$ owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 J8 d& @9 v( p1 \) T5 s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& {7 D: c( N$ j. t  {7 h. g3 I0 [7 B
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% x) b9 }6 U+ n' b$ v2 P3 p1 k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' n6 d2 Q9 C) M8 Y) l' p: b% n8 r5 o
The father denied taking any other medication. The( ~  r0 @. |. x! n4 v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 [" N0 M/ A. C8 |. o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 R1 K# V! |/ T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- \9 i% K0 x; S
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ v4 N% G% @- v  X! V0 ^tives. There were no siblings.6 t* t9 k7 U- r- ?# r$ x! y
Physical Examination- W' U8 b5 t. G0 h  ]3 x
The physical examination revealed a very active,% v2 X# b+ C" u  }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 S6 P/ D% M3 v# `$ j; Ia blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! ]; A7 g$ o) |4 U% R6 a7 G, `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! M3 y& L+ o, T3 z; `# h# h, S8 E8 n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" L( ]3 |% c. I8 C! u% f6 I0 y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 N9 K  u. h" ?3 p, z0 x( nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% W3 l! ]" U7 k( d6 zThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 e5 ?, x5 R6 H- T+ P" s8 f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- v: ^( r2 O; N1 S/ q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ h2 V" Q! |/ t. }* H. L2 k" tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: B6 h4 \+ S; z- H( ]
540, G* G5 i9 g& i2 h+ M# \0 J  [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* y# [& M  _8 P
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& A8 _1 j: Q3 u7 }2 G. H
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& \* Y3 h1 }6 F( n/ u6 bThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- Q6 z# g; F5 w$ |" F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* G8 u  y5 a2 jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# ?' `4 x# r" l/ z0 NNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. I) m. m: T0 t" V" z/ l5 n% Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 L' x* y* o+ Rof papilledema.
! d) u3 ]- `5 ~# n- m% V: z9 h$ dLaboratory Evaluation
- j, f+ M& v7 b, s" Q3 KThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" h  i; y; f2 fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ d" I: a) T  K, x
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* D' b- Q: A* j; {9 a
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! I; L( [0 z* Z. K3 u! Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 t! D6 `0 y! H% l+ ]2 F) Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 Q" o' k/ N- Z: K9 u& Z7 n( I) DThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 b  F$ n  N# j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 G% Y. t+ j* o0 pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) n8 e' E  E- M. M# r( \4 D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL8 S: R5 f$ i- _0 F" C6 h
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- T0 B% n% I9 j7 }6 w& B
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ r7 z9 P9 C4 f! S) {# wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 j9 h$ p" b( \/ U' \6 i. q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( Q; Q- n3 c( o8 }* D" h: q2 v/ k9 t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; x/ G# s8 E3 Twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- {1 Y3 P! G9 ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 C9 D+ Z+ ]4 i6 G# i3 Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 ^6 a5 ^, g* O) Y7 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 i3 w+ m1 t! S; L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. F  ^, o4 Y/ `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. b  L& c0 ?* T7 a/ ^5 oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 K/ M* I( k$ T' I3 [7 {(prepubertal).3 h) i  X6 V" t/ j: y+ Q6 w3 X, s
The parents were notified about the laboratory
8 b% T* P4 D% V5 ?  T  V8 @4 aresults and were informed that all of the tests were  i2 ]% W+ b: {9 I; P& N3 s
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: U# w$ M. e2 N" `0 ?8 @
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, k) v" I! P7 d/ Z5 x2 {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. O& x7 \, I+ s$ H  G4 w: g4 N+ Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 _7 k# _9 }; U1 A' b* T, _Physical examination at this time revealed that the: o2 X! M+ [: N5 K: h, {
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ M6 P3 L3 ?" S* _3 W- J/ r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 Q- y( z) x0 ~/ ]# ~unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( N; g, r6 s, a& {# C
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* k- J! I6 k0 I8 P9 Rthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) Q; g9 T- R) c0 ?* v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 `* @; \. X$ L9 [4 l- NThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
- Q' `0 i) Q% Oing frequent erections.
1 e0 C' I: {9 A% t( bBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 ^8 _' I( w% t" p& ]any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ n+ }/ I; O5 k2 kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. V+ }: Z+ `. e+ q* G8 W. Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 s* W( J6 k6 P  q, I, L5 vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 P; S! @/ Y! F/ cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 x, [' V$ y! Z' V* h
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ Z" R9 C1 s1 M4 \7 V* @
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 B8 @9 n: X5 |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ I! Y9 t) w: F( W$ o' ~5 Osecondary to depression." ?0 X/ [1 B. _3 ]6 {3 X* T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 T, F2 {7 m. ]' \! {
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, j& `; F! a6 O: j  l# h. a$ m/ |1 s! b
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ L* {; r6 I. }* A1 g2 W+ W* r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ {# N) {  x3 X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ T0 P+ f1 Q$ Y4 [) s* ~  ^when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ x, h+ ]- |4 z4 y7 r  x! jwas high, he then read the product information' @* k  T) e9 ^& b9 X
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! D2 q0 s: S2 l1 k1 j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* ]# F% E& o( i3 A9 j8 ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 ], a" o' a( w' q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' k3 R  N' F: |/ s3 ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 D$ f" S" R$ ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the; w7 ^3 X2 d  a* K  B
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ h( E% u6 b" hDiscussion+ k7 {# y) S" |" o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* l5 G& w4 t/ \+ p( _  s8 P3 Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! h# Y( i  C2 \& y2 Z0 {: X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: |" V. X5 ]' O# o1 a6 Z9 kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 f# a" }8 c  t# j& Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) a9 G( i2 l& |& Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 G6 V2 x4 D. u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ b7 `! n$ L" q- `: Y; [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ z+ q/ i% c! D: s( C& ^1 }amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- R8 b* q. o# D0 c7 N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 I  G3 |+ H# l4 s6 U0 ]6 h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ v; i4 P! g: q8 d1 Gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 X& q0 p9 o; e) L1 ]3 w8 _7 U, l3 ?
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( y# Z4 C) r3 q: r9 t3 c
gonadotropins.1,33 X# P6 @5 ?. p, V7 e; d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-  T, i6 O: C& n( A/ }9 }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# f8 U  _/ r+ H) handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 }- H; U( O1 @5 v
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( U+ ^% D$ x% ?' g6 Y( }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. M  W# _- [/ `1 o+ K) Fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 Z5 }& F: ]% o4 k5 dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 s$ d3 a& f  T# J( W
puberty in boys.3,4
1 O5 I1 \. s9 p. Y5 HThe most common form of congenital adrenal& M  }' E; N6 s- r; H
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 x/ z) C4 }  }  g' T9 }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' Y; i7 X' O, |+ r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,6 G  c% g; q) Y/ H6 H1 S
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 T. d3 a& [& Cexcess.1,3# I( O" T. s# h9 N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 Q( G! o* r) y; O* q' i2 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. T+ G/ b$ T: gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, Z- K! F( Z7 {! k7 {independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% |# W) Q) }- was testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 u/ P& v; U: k* I; Uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
  \. h4 A; A4 lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: o7 y2 @& y  D& B7 w% L' I3 Dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ p5 G' o/ n1 X8 R  y  J$ w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ ^+ i) o) v% I8 u
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 i: F" M1 I& W) w4 epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  {3 w4 @7 V& Y6 J7 N( areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
* h1 |! N5 ~( q# Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  G$ u/ p* f+ a6 {males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 H2 `7 i) m2 @8 w, mmay have similar precocious puberty.3  s9 J& n/ H( x& o+ N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* \& r3 H& ^$ g- i) esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 R) N. d2 J: K0 m% Ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& }8 I7 b+ P* {( J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
$ g5 R* |1 W" G0 C* C4 `started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 \3 j- h0 P' K7 y0 Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 Z* A5 R% A# k( u
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; n  Y2 \5 }  S" l+ n  `* B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 h: J. l+ {7 `  B6 ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, Y  I( W, w1 A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, L+ X3 p$ c: A" R! p+ `: q6 ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 O/ \. G, W2 I; V* Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 T1 m7 n% f9 V) O+ VThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, ~; {! H5 r+ T. L. G+ osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" R. V9 v. K* F
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 i( C' y4 u6 A* V/ w- |7 Ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' x2 ]7 e4 K& m: B5 p* v' L) F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 y) G% k: r6 v& Y  d, Vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ {5 M  v4 _2 o1 b  ousing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 {7 O0 @# L7 f$ J; d4 F7 H7 @Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 W4 K0 ]3 b) q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to, @4 y# a+ l* J" o! z& i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* v- g9 N( j5 t: Z1 T0 ?
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 r8 t6 t3 E( l$ ~baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ u& _; ^4 q# P$ w+ O1 keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" x" @% _+ @2 E5 e; J8 u
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! p7 v4 t' G4 O5 E! I
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# Z8 t/ l' X+ \8 a* M, P3 L# `# @/ x
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," [# [5 _, u9 j, Z5 i
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 g* q& }* Q6 k) M3 \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 S4 B) W" q- Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 r- Q' o) G( t- ?
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, R6 [# p- u& f* O& dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, \- @0 v) F) G  f7 {5 ~" ^' d9 U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* B. b% C" i2 ?$ u2 L( }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) Q6 I, I. f7 @! `. h! Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, s. z' k, V- a( g# P# F& |advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 d, N, ?5 ^% U# G9 cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 ?$ X' Q! H# O# Wearly childhood on pubertal development and final
7 o  B+ c5 y1 T! }; q; c, L4 `adult height are not fully known and always remain
& o& m7 G# A9 Z* p+ G( Ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! L8 [8 n' ]) D' Z
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ i9 Y8 Y5 H8 c& Sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' Z8 F$ O0 V9 W6 V0 F4 q' Z+ |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 U: j2 L3 S2 s$ g) c* m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; W$ c, R6 y. h7 q  l7 s7 C
There are conflicting reports and controversy( s, p2 N! l+ N: ^% w6 D% }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 R5 Z, g$ x6 o1 K3 `  n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' Z3 r9 a% [; P2 G3 R0 |adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-: }7 r/ d& x1 w& h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: Z( d3 A9 V0 g4 N6 \, L, B. `. H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 p6 N' u/ O: g: ^" k& P& [- ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' r, k, F, M6 m7 X
penile length in clinical studies.
6 f* ~& s6 v' Y; m3 M) r" D+ tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) d2 a( L- @+ K% C6 z- I/ x; {2 ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 B6 V. ]2 c' o- Z0 M5 ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& i7 }: |' _0 Z! ~' _# Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 ~# B* I0 \, h. N
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ @% V: s" q# D" j; q0 r+ K& p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ B' @( F: t) O% C0 k1 rthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! @; \5 p/ n( _7 wheight will not be affected.( P6 i' E3 W0 B7 z9 ]
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& g& A9 a: u2 T7 ~6 \
ability of androgen products in our society may
5 e( M8 u; w; |8 c2 ~, e5 P2 `indeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 ]2 m# A+ d; [2 t* d, p  gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: s) X7 \/ P4 C& n  u6 g5 n: T# ngen products must be considered and specific ques-$ J* [' g) _6 d6 _. M/ T; b9 |
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" C1 [+ q( ?3 o  G  v: i3 s; g
gel should be asked of the family members during
$ w1 Y: h; G6 G2 S- v$ Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 W# z& O8 b- R/ B8 N3 e9 qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, X+ f( B' e  h8 W- ^3 @) W# q' x
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( `: J% k; `- s8 H" ]2 E, eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 v2 V" I* D$ i) z, k; Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( K+ n0 L9 n0 W" v/ H+ a) N% {  ]
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
  v& n# r8 R2 @/ V& R$ Linvestigation. The primary care physician should be4 R0 q8 y- ]9 C
aware of this fact, because most of these children( O  d( Q8 h+ z& s$ j8 C! B: j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 f0 o2 C( Y3 ?8 I9 `
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a5 \3 {+ W+ @! S, q6 J. ?7 |
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 z3 E7 V3 N/ J" U$ P
female child who might come in contact with some-
1 g* |, U& G7 j& qone using any of these products.  ]; ?& ^3 ^( t6 c  @
References
; \/ V" e! C$ k/ v  S8 j  R& ?6 S1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ z6 f8 c- F4 z, R
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) Z& \' N& x% I* B- R0 u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' {9 }, J$ v2 d2 O% E; D: W2002: 565-628.) y9 ?( V. e; a! I/ z# h4 X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) N& z1 g% S5 D  j; C9 s6 c3 ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old1 ^8 I9 g; K0 x" V3 ^9 t' c& h0 N
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 E6 H/ ^. Y9 M% R2 OExposure to Testosterone
$ g2 f2 u! [) O, r! S0 SSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- n1 P4 n5 T8 c- T: Iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 c1 b" Y1 G  ~* f. cClinical Pediatrics2 e4 H" S! F/ o" M
Volume 46 Number 6% D+ D* z. H/ ?/ F% r3 ]$ I
July 2007 540-543
' A, _, v, {; A& l" i© 2007 Sage Publications8 P1 d* @' ^) I9 ]3 T
10.1177/0009922806296651. U3 V$ b0 g' A5 N7 w3 D
http://clp.sagepub.com* L0 N/ R4 k( E. f
hosted at) v+ j% E" Q' |8 I( T" m. R* r. F, p
http://online.sagepub.com
: Y. ], f7 p: F" I1 v, P. U" PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 M; n; o, n% s& t
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 ?2 S3 x) c: ~9 n& h
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; c/ j8 L' Q+ h0 v1 p. d  A; R7 T
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ l4 Q) q2 E! j+ z1 G2 qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system1 G+ S. c* n9 P2 `8 u4 s% `; m
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ o$ p0 u# g4 M1 q! \8 C! R+ G7 jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
! u# t% A- A/ a3 a, S, [* \8 I6 Whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  y: r* |6 S2 N  w
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) N0 g7 g- F! K# }( Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
0 S) |! {% ~2 Q* m5 X! s, q) y6 genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 W' X" [% U+ f' b$ D, y& Pment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 A9 H) x. q6 H/ {5 [: Z6 o5 ~# Tto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
  d. J0 g' R+ m7 {/ O7 athe father. The family initially concealed this infor-  b& C8 z( H4 _; Q, E: q9 z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
9 l7 N! i" ]/ g6 Mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of# l! p% v+ ~6 [8 R" b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 P. a  X: d, U0 u  C
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: D, s' ^, d# t6 O3 M+ @! \literature.4
$ i1 A/ Z" L  U( APatient Report
8 y# m% n1 }0 a1 Z" s" |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
  R. t$ s! _& Q0 j3 o+ ^0 g1 U' dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 P. v# R8 B$ g/ sof early sexual development. His mother noticed
: m( u+ J8 ?  U+ `light colored pubic hair development when he was
" j" ?+ V* v* |4 {% N, Y+ U( pFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: T, H5 ^! k% M  P; b+ R. hSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.* f+ ?+ s) n  y4 n$ P9 t8 R! Z' k7 {
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( @# M# O+ ?8 ~! S: P% U$ ?Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) r2 r; ^3 m2 o# u5 M" f" qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: @# ~3 N) F" e+ s% o" ke-mail: [email protected].+ V3 j7 \& c( N/ N% H0 [7 I2 }
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 o( `2 S% b* j' Q) U4 q- f& g
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* X/ R# }- y* e0 x$ mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 p7 t2 P: C( f, w4 T& k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ F( f/ [2 I% |. |+ z: W8 Da birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
, X) N  W2 e$ B0 @3 z5 U( K20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 C0 d( f1 f4 O
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, t, o% g) [$ w
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% s7 q- p- ]$ w0 ^6 W3 \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& C. F1 Q! ?. I( H
was age appropriate.3 q/ w% Z  }$ i" R
The family history was remarkable for the father,' U: U7 H; |4 T/ u7 b& ^
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,* @6 a& H9 [4 a5 W' D
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
+ N4 Q4 U$ R9 Q3 A8 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  o/ c  T3 J& _. d3 i& w
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; I0 v1 ]- }7 ^8 ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The% z, d4 p( c- c
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
% L3 R6 f- g( s' G! c. [was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet1 A5 R0 l  t& [! ~
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" K- j; n. b9 ~! K) k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-' R  Y! q/ j* K
tives. There were no siblings.
1 J$ p+ I- ^7 h# T; yPhysical Examination
% {4 R" `2 u; a# \& VThe physical examination revealed a very active,5 p& r! I, t  y+ x
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" S' s) @4 ]. y# g9 `, S7 i
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
7 q6 h6 P/ u5 P. b' ~. j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) q- }, K: L/ z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 d. H& n4 U! m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
! a, _6 u; h6 P9 p) l0 T( Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ ~1 u: n( g1 Y- V3 P( e% c1 fThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 g2 _& `5 G; B. r; |enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of; X0 @4 ~9 O+ z" W  v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
$ n% G! `/ o7 Z: t4 f9 W: s; \developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
5 O' |3 ?# i% S1 g; G4 T- j; v540
. B$ |+ o1 ^$ gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' {# j, ?  E+ U0 ]& z4 hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
- S* a/ G$ B4 a& @testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.1 \) K# T2 R. k) F1 ]0 L3 x& U
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& b& ?9 f) c# O/ a, k$ N* F+ a! Yoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 I0 r* h4 v# W  A
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 }# B/ n( B! F, N
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( T% Q6 |* e' Q: U
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 o5 _0 k0 A/ F
of papilledema.
' p" ?0 G' {. w- TLaboratory Evaluation$ z! \- c! {/ g- d; y5 c
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ M! Q- Z) Q  b3 ]7 j) ]using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" q2 B! `% r" [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: g! H8 z# r2 {$ [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 B. v% m3 G6 ?, o; [7 Y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ _' J! U# M$ g5 o- blating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ u# Y# o7 \" n  `. e  U9 `0 K4 K, t
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 h. @" Q9 p: s  l2 O% k
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
4 Q; Z2 ?4 W7 [$ @; K; k! s6 Twithin normal range for his age. The concentration3 ]0 ]* ?: u: P0 a. w  J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 B; p/ Q+ I8 F/ y0 M& W
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 G: E1 c5 [' X% N4 ?ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- F! \4 l& {! e* r+ l4 bterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 O" y3 H9 z3 S3 B4 L! Y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to3 H, m0 U5 ^# {( _$ }& S, k1 b
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)3 R. r' O, F( W' f. G* V; `
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-/ O' O; H& a3 g3 i8 `+ V, Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" c" G0 Q: z1 c0 Z- c8 }/ O7 _1 b3 Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ e% k+ T- S" C+ Y7 b2 z( land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than' Z$ u1 I1 l6 s4 J. D$ i+ N5 V! C
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 u# e% D' {% O- x# Lstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: ~$ R( b  q) C( {9 }8 P* Q  C
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. ^3 L. h7 _( H. `
(prepubertal).' W8 Q; g( n  D/ I. n* H/ q
The parents were notified about the laboratory
  _; P7 b8 ]" H+ _% F, gresults and were informed that all of the tests were/ B- L% q# o9 ?
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 Y" H  w$ B5 I5 \0 rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to  a( T& g1 \# N- v0 O
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: C) a7 }3 v* w" t* J& o7 H( xever, the family did not return for 4 months.# _( K) _4 S* d3 m1 ~3 t6 t1 b9 Z
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ }/ V  E3 P8 E$ Kchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ U& U# j- o& J+ l/ k0 o. s' v: Z
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained' ~+ j9 ?1 m% Y/ k5 p' n
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' \5 o- H9 Q/ n3 l* ~
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 A2 u3 B. ]! }  C6 t' X4 [the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ V& ~. s+ U& X& w3 z$ C* qmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
. y( M5 m4 e! t6 }( MThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 U& Q! k' l% h! ving frequent erections.2 r7 q( z& K$ j; f
Both parents were again questioned about use of
9 K- A3 P' T) ?8 g& k) f* ^any ointment/creams that they may have applied to6 b: U1 m  b# P1 I9 @
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  u& z; r, o: B7 w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ j: U* E0 {  c. y3 T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# u' \$ V) K9 w$ F! w. E+ i/ }8 ]
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; N7 O. `0 m* j4 T/ u" r
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- Z# G2 r8 Q: K: x0 t6 V2 Y
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-3 [) \5 s2 F+ O- j
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 W/ x# T0 m/ H5 A" Msecondary to depression.
( c) {0 P# k7 UThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ B2 w3 a1 H5 A5 rThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 C: x- }* s1 s' z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
5 f, W) b% w3 Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father., Y4 U- {, ?# {) P
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
! l0 z% p% i" J+ c" M. T+ Uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* u( e% ~; B# h) _3 W, n6 |( ]0 ]was high, he then read the product information: l' E6 ?0 m1 P- T" [8 M4 N
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-$ A; i4 }' L+ @4 h3 x9 D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 w+ {8 I$ R/ [! }decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' t3 g# D- H' N6 pfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 s, r! }) l. M/ z" F: l: S- `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 }8 |6 n, U9 `/ ?test was ordered, but the family did not go to the# I3 D. L( t- v+ L7 w7 w
laboratory to obtain the test.9 q9 I, f5 a6 {# E# t9 @/ j
Discussion
8 A& ^3 k& j: M7 M: jPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" g/ k+ j. R2 U* V: w& Y; V  ^! v* Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,45 ]3 t& i! _' f8 O; F
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; }2 t5 S6 r' B! }/ R& X$ ^  p% ?6 l2 `it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ G8 j; T+ _& Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; B' \' c% v4 i  p2 K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 z* C9 u2 N( Q! I( `. L% L! zmay have a central nervous system lesion that is7 e! k% }- T$ v/ b, Z4 s
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  z7 s8 L5 w4 ^8 B$ f2 {amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* a- L: e9 \6 U" ~/ k; T
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
# |6 A+ m7 d2 \9 iboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 T2 f4 V3 D% H5 e. ?1 Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
) s/ R  m3 `" S. D) Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, I& C, P0 V  p- ?gonadotropins.1,3
! J( Z/ N9 C' |- P5 F* W4 |Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 H6 ]4 m+ d4 J( E9 f7 Y  f& Icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* |4 C- a% }7 T" l  j2 c1 aandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 ?* P& d; s( \) q/ Z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
  u  q4 G* H- w: h+ z$ sulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
8 J/ Z' O7 R- ]- N3 b3 I# }1 |congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
" a- H2 r4 M/ d* w8 N2 Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious1 i& V" K8 m; t2 E; z9 e8 b
puberty in boys.3,45 b+ Q$ j/ J  b5 J8 s3 l" I4 G( F
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 }: ^7 Q+ B6 }! a4 o  D8 W- ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. W7 G  h8 l5 `) a$ r- qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% `6 E4 C5 c$ \& T) c- yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,: {( \# W) ]3 s
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen; j6 z: t4 P. N$ j$ q
excess.1,31 i- Z! Z' Q6 k5 W& j' }  x; u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* t; [% y! p1 x3 ^8 V4 K; M
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  t9 `" h) l7 z( Q' q
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 x/ E0 }0 Y% U( e/ ^# j2 I6 q8 L
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
/ w& h$ O/ B0 |, j' `3 Nas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a: @% _- I3 Y$ m, B' S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
# R# N: T# K8 d4 \, J7 E/ n8 |0 |with this disorder are full pubertal development,
( L8 V% v8 V' x2 t4 d* x2 H2 ?+ h7 Dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# z6 ?% V* C' iwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ T# o- @3 q1 W- m+ A0 a; \
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 L% R7 Y* X- q3 Wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 u( U) r( `: p+ a# b- [
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
: A6 F% f& B/ Xautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
8 H! u+ @. X; r) ~7 q1 Vmales; therefore, other male members of the family
/ d& \, q+ x+ V; G! p& jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
2 I7 c7 G7 E  ^% J5 a# p  X8 y! NIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
" h* E- f* N, Z5 R* Gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) t. L& W8 d! T8 @5 B; Mcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
0 _& F5 X6 E1 Z! hwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
3 k( i% q$ \* E( F8 o7 v2 ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
2 z$ h3 J* j& z, Ftesticular enlargement is not that evident in the- \) f( b. ]9 F9 J7 V
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-% r5 ?" e# I% }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 O, T9 |6 W- i4 y; e
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
! T0 p- y, e/ t/ s) a! feither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 ~, ~2 K1 V, r/ j$ n8 R/ q  u5 Mdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-- _0 F' z7 ~/ ]2 z, d+ n  b7 H$ n# @$ ^
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
. @" o3 e1 W5 `# c" o& Q% R6 J6 q- gThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# R: _) z- D* ksuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% ~2 r; W0 E) s0 z! T/ p* q- r$ l! `
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-: H/ F, u8 x# Z+ y9 _
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: A1 _2 E/ ~' q3 v% D9 O+ O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. {; ~' o4 D# f+ r0 Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was: f- T8 H, d+ r9 G+ H- W. Q- E
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’; _/ ^' U1 _1 D. Z" \
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or4 ~# l9 w3 \8 J7 d2 G7 c! g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" M4 P# w7 ^+ i3 Y2 Q4 ]0 c
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
1 ^* \2 s- n* U8 J$ o; y, F$ o% GSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 F* m1 \& G. J6 t5 H8 X3 ^baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 ], d- W0 v. p; Reven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) O5 E$ N; R) _+ l/ P! D: cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* }4 n  p9 v; u, J+ \
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.) z1 v% Z. ?9 l7 B
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
! d2 F! \( D9 |9 \9 Ywhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) i6 F4 @& M) m5 z; |$ z( k: s4 k  n
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! |- m' v+ l2 {5 `) rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 [. `$ g. A9 Z0 ]3 E
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 ?1 S: w7 Q5 m
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  g8 ~" P3 ~/ Gdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to- J$ \# X# ~* k! e/ D' b6 p' g
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in& V: H5 w* R9 Q9 z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
# b: x9 V, |/ D4 r" X+ vadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
: f- f, u4 [! t& [( X" cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during  T& Q) K+ x6 P$ D' r
early childhood on pubertal development and final/ t+ n4 {. I3 V6 E  j% C
adult height are not fully known and always remain; \+ ^; U) c, \5 C; _7 `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) e. W$ k. i, m5 e8 s/ ^terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some7 s* p+ e$ }4 i2 D/ a$ a
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
: \1 i: ]1 C7 \7 k, Ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
- {5 H$ r# Z) F, r: kdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 N  x$ u: \% g3 V) z" ~) VThere are conflicting reports and controversy1 c! M  w1 {! c
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 k: @; R- L8 }/ A6 O0 jpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal7 W" p) {( U0 D% ]3 N" P4 K1 E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-. [2 B* R5 B: c7 K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  W$ h  v/ R# [/ V- C. C
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between) ]' Z! R7 c. v9 W
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- Z1 E+ X5 ^, I; ]; a+ \1 Q) b& b; f
penile length in clinical studies.- ]  Y2 L) i; m* D$ w7 O
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- U, c9 h% u% Z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
. n6 v1 [6 b% g! z& Q( ctestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
7 d1 F' l7 b' \. g% K) Nthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: n* d$ Y7 ?2 G1 ~' {, oAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
- h  d0 s2 V! t( Q8 N8 u) Q3 i  Kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 y! C! r% T; ^' \" Fthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
: k% Y% w2 x0 h* d* u  Sheight will not be affected.% j6 [8 D! F6 @: X2 c$ a" F
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-$ D  u/ R* z8 p5 l$ P: C0 D
ability of androgen products in our society may
0 R+ M; \) O* z8 l3 [" D6 rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ t+ N2 c2 z* T; D& ]* Z; ichildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" O  N. W; Q" l) {4 zgen products must be considered and specific ques-
) K: \4 p9 k# T" _6 c* M. {tioning about the use of a testosterone product or# h  X( E/ ^7 p9 d; p0 f4 X4 @$ Q& \) }* ]
gel should be asked of the family members during  L( P" l9 z) z3 N
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-, ]; K3 {1 b! A+ k( [: E
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
9 a0 l6 p! ^5 x: Pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by$ L2 h& `4 T' F
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ u" Y+ N9 H4 K1 b- c% K) }/ X
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  J( n4 Y$ V7 K, i0 [: Z; Z3 w5 v
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 D: k9 b5 _( ninvestigation. The primary care physician should be
7 ]7 b0 |, C8 v6 ^5 `! @aware of this fact, because most of these children+ i/ E1 u" y( C! |2 v: K- j2 |" u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
  U2 x3 T3 f/ Y' i% e0 D; z) JDesk Reference and package insert should also put a) d% x/ `; R( `$ C
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 H2 `# K" Q2 Ifemale child who might come in contact with some-
! L  Q; t8 u& Q. o  rone using any of these products.# J) |' M2 S  |# G. x4 A5 F
References3 C% |; t. U, f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- ^# q' H2 p; V( C: a9 \3 pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric6 M3 v+ A/ `8 D: b- \( F
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( G- X+ K9 i3 ?: B; u
2002: 565-628.4 X6 R$ H! N! K
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# @7 Y7 g8 C0 n8 i  x# V
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

& d! C2 L# p4 G, c* Y) s% V精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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