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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old( a A" c3 o- S3 Q' N9 L
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
! t% M1 x$ t0 Y- BExposure to Testosterone
7 M2 U+ k# U3 Y2 S, HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 Q" _3 H [4 a( I& ]
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1# V+ v4 E |7 G% J
Clinical Pediatrics' u! d9 x8 G' W I/ ~/ u0 p# E6 {
Volume 46 Number 6- `% e9 ]3 ^+ Z6 S
July 2007 540-543
! W- d w: L; I- K* P) a© 2007 Sage Publications' H) q: j! k7 q1 C$ D
10.1177/00099228062966517 P4 U* Y y- b. O" S
http://clp.sagepub.com
' w+ Z; h# e+ x* n) t6 Phosted at
. |/ O7 T1 M! q2 `http://online.sagepub.com" o3 I. ~1 C1 Z: p$ K2 S, L% C6 z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 X6 O+ O% g, ?0 `
is a significant concern for physicians. Central3 b0 b- @* M/ X0 D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, x& h0 `# u1 P2 lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
B! h" d% `5 A5 a0 Ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system9 _% ~ X- o! B2 Y8 f8 D$ Z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
0 r, w! N( c$ `+ O; b: O: e" Kby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( V Y4 r6 V7 s- h& n6 d) H
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! M+ s5 r/ U7 mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: D8 Y* R8 ] N% L
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, I& ? k! R" V5 N0 O2 q1 {) }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- f* ?+ `6 l/ |6 X9 ], [ {5 r
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% ]2 d1 x; m7 `0 s$ i" Z) Gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
3 p f! P( g& x6 s0 X: e2 ]the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) S; k7 ]: |# W9 omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ J8 `% r* { Z* Lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of" j# N. C% S- M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 H4 t6 F! K. t4 @! p7 x& K
bly more common than the rare case report in the, o' c& B1 L! l
literature.4
3 B* o3 }( d- b# P8 ?" \2 U TPatient Report
( Q0 n- X; m3 z; C! j1 b7 q8 ]) v6 lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the; R+ q! } z: t/ H9 W/ C: S
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) n5 y; s# N; }; @7 V! X) F9 h( oof early sexual development. His mother noticed R/ l7 `2 u9 {/ g% Z' j
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ g! A l" U* W! zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" Z5 q1 B; v2 U7 X, I& q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, j$ o7 z: w. Z4 ^- l" }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: ~" ^( X Q5 ~. i! R! `
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% c0 h$ i' N, U. E$ LMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) w6 b; m* q, v8 x
e-mail: [email protected].+ ^2 F( n7 C \
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ Z- p: B6 _; Y" y# V+ a4 X+ cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-6 w2 G( S- X& h+ q5 ?# K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 l) Q! K7 s6 F" ~8 p/ F3 |& Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( D$ R6 _% t5 O) m' [a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
7 q' {, H: b- b& `20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; V( w2 P" F0 k3 |+ J8 X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 r' A5 h- h/ ]9 F z1 z6 U5 y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 o0 J: r. R( @5 L3 K/ q9 M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development: p/ z: [4 p8 h- w# A! [7 L
was age appropriate.
4 O9 X& v! W+ }8 W5 IThe family history was remarkable for the father,
* g0 X1 e' B5 d* `4 d$ owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,7 J8 d& @9 v( p1 \) T5 s
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& {7 D: c( N$ j. t {7 h. g3 I0 [7 B
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat% x) b9 }6 U+ n' b$ v2 P3 p1 k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' n6 d2 Q9 C) M8 Y) l' p: b% n8 r5 o
The father denied taking any other medication. The( ~ r0 @. |. x! n4 v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche1 [" N0 M/ A. C8 |. o
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 R1 K# V! |/ T
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- \9 i% K0 x; S
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ v4 N% G% @- v X! V0 ^tives. There were no siblings.6 t* t9 k7 U- r- ?# r$ x! y
Physical Examination- W' U8 b5 t. G0 h ]3 x
The physical examination revealed a very active,% v2 X# b+ C" u }
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 S6 P/ D% M3 v# `$ j; Ia blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! ]; A7 g$ o) |4 U% R6 a7 G, `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg! M3 y& L+ o, T3 z; `# h# h, S8 E8 n
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" L( ]3 |% c. I8 C! u% f6 I0 y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
0 N9 K u. h" ?3 p, z0 x( nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% W3 l! ]" U7 k( d6 zThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 e5 ?, x5 R6 H- T+ P" s8 f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- v: ^( r2 O; N1 S/ q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ h2 V" Q! |/ t. }* H. L2 k" tdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: B6 h4 \+ S; z- H( ]
540, G* G5 i9 g& i2 h+ M# \0 J [
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* y# [& M _8 P
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& A8 _1 j: Q3 u7 }2 G. H
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& \* Y3 h1 }6 F( n/ u6 bThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat- Q6 z# g; F5 w$ |" F
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
* G8 u y5 a2 jabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# ?' `4 x# r" l/ z0 NNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. I) m. m: T0 t" V" z/ l5 n% Zbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 L' x* y* o+ Rof papilledema.
! d) u3 ]- `5 ~# n- m% V: z9 h$ dLaboratory Evaluation
- j, f+ M& v7 b, s" Q3 KThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" h i; y; f2 fusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ d" I: a) T K, x
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal* D' b- Q: A* j; {9 a
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
! I; L( [0 z* Z. K3 u! Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 t! D6 `0 y! H% l+ ]2 F) Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
2 Q" o' k/ N- Z: K9 u& Z7 n( I) DThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood7 b F$ n N# j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 G% Y. t+ j* o0 pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) n8 e' E E- M. M# r( \4 D
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL8 S: R5 f$ i- _0 F" C6 h
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20- T0 B% n% I9 j7 }6 w& B
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ r7 z9 P9 C4 f! S) {# wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 j9 h$ p" b( \/ U' \6 i. q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( Q; Q- n3 c( o8 }* D" h: q2 v/ k9 t49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; x/ G# s8 E3 Twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- {1 Y3 P! G9 ]tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 C9 D+ Z+ ]4 i6 G# i3 Dtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 ^6 a5 ^, g* O) Y7 rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
9 i3 w+ m1 t! S; L5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. F ^, o4 Y/ `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. b L& c0 ?* T7 a/ ^5 oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
5 K/ M* I( k$ T' I3 [7 {(prepubertal).3 h) i X6 V" t/ j: y+ Q6 w3 X, s
The parents were notified about the laboratory
8 b% T* P4 D% V5 ? T V8 @4 aresults and were informed that all of the tests were i2 ]% W+ b: {9 I; P& N3 s
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: U# w$ M. e2 N" `0 ?8 @
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
, k) v" I! P7 d/ Z5 x2 {obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
. O& x7 \, I+ s$ H G4 w: g4 N+ Vever, the family did not return for 4 months.
2 _7 k# _9 }; U1 A' b* T, _Physical examination at this time revealed that the: o2 X! M+ [: N5 K: h, {
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ M6 P3 L3 ?" S* _3 W- J/ r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
3 Q- y( z) x0 ~/ ]# ~unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( N; g, r6 s, a& {# C
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* k- J! I6 k0 I8 P9 Rthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) Q; g9 T- R) c0 ?* v
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
0 `* @; \. X$ L9 [4 l- NThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
- Q' `0 i) Q% Oing frequent erections.
1 e0 C' I: {9 A% t( bBoth parents were again questioned about use of
7 ^8 _' I( w% t" p& ]any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
+ n+ }/ I; O5 k2 kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. V+ }: Z+ `. e+ q* G8 W. Y
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
3 s* W( J6 k6 P q, I, L5 vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 P; S! @/ Y! F/ cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 x, [' V$ y! Z' V* h
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ Z" R9 C1 s1 M4 \7 V* @
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
9 B8 @9 n: X5 |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ I! Y9 t) w: F( W$ o' ~5 Osecondary to depression." ?0 X/ [1 B. _3 ]6 {3 X* T
The child slept in the same bed with parents.4 T, F2 {7 m. ]' \! {
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, j& `; F! a6 O: j l# h. a$ m/ |1 s! b
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ L* {; r6 I. }* A1 g2 W+ W* r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.+ {# N) { x3 X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ T0 P+ f1 Q$ Y4 [) s* ~ ^when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ x, h+ ]- |4 z4 y7 r x! jwas high, he then read the product information' @* k T) e9 ^& b9 X
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-! D2 q0 s: S2 l1 k1 j
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
* ]# F% E& o( i3 A9 j8 ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the8 ], a" o' a( w' q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
' k3 R N' F: |/ s3 ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 D$ f" S" R$ ztest was ordered, but the family did not go to the; w7 ^3 X2 d a* K B
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ h( E% u6 b" hDiscussion+ k7 {# y) S" |" o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* l5 G& w4 t/ \+ p( _ s8 P3 Fsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4! h# Y( i C2 \& y2 Z0 {: X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: |" V. X5 ]' O# o1 a6 Z9 kit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 f# a" }8 c t# j& Vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) a9 G( i2 l& |& Omon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 G6 V2 x4 D. u
may have a central nervous system lesion that is$ b7 `! n$ L" q- `: Y; [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ z+ q/ i% c! D: s( C& ^1 }amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- R8 b* q. o# D0 c7 N
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 I G3 |+ H# l4 s6 U0 ]6 h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
+ v; i4 P! g: q8 d1 Gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-2 X& q0 p9 o; e) L1 ]3 w8 _7 U, l3 ?
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( y# Z4 C) r3 q: r9 t3 c
gonadotropins.1,33 X# P6 @5 ?. p, V7 e; d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco- T, i6 O: C& n( A/ }9 }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# f8 U _/ r+ H) handrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or0 }- H; U( O1 @5 v
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( U+ ^% D$ x% ?' g6 Y( }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. M W# _- [/ `1 o+ K) Fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
3 Z5 }& F: ]% o4 k5 dadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 s$ d3 a& f T# J( W
puberty in boys.3,4
1 O5 I1 \. s9 p. Y5 HThe most common form of congenital adrenal& M }' E; N6 s- r; H
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 x/ z) C4 } } g' T9 }The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' Y; i7 X' O, |+ r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,6 G c% g; q) Y/ H6 H1 S
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 T. d3 a& [& Cexcess.1,3# I( O" T. s# h9 N
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 Q( G! o* r) y; O* q' i2 s542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. T+ G/ b$ T: gA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
, Z- K! F( Z7 {! k7 {independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% |# W) Q) }- was testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
3 u/ P& v; U: k* I; Uvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
\. h4 A; A4 lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
: o7 y2 @& y D& B7 w% L' I3 Dincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ p5 G' o/ n1 X8 R y J$ w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ ^+ i) o) v% I8 u
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 i: F" M1 I& W) w4 epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
{3 w4 @7 V& Y6 J7 N( areleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
* h1 |! N5 ~( q# Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
G$ u/ p* f+ a6 {males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 H2 `7 i) m2 @8 w, mmay have similar precocious puberty.3 s9 J& n/ H( x& o+ N
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
* \& r3 H& ^$ g- i) esistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 R) N. d2 J: K0 m% Ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& }8 I7 b+ P* {( J
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
$ g5 R* |1 W" G0 C* C4 `started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
6 \3 j- h0 P' K7 y0 Htesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 Z* A5 R% A# k( u
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-; n Y2 \5 } S" l+ n `* B
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 h: J. l+ {7 ` B6 ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, Y I( W, w1 A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, L+ X3 p$ c: A" R! p+ `: q6 ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 O/ \. G, W2 I; V* Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
1 T1 m7 n% f9 V) O+ VThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, ~; {! H5 r+ T. L. G+ osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" R. V9 v. K* F
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 i( C' y4 u6 A* V/ w- |7 Ppearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' x2 ]7 e4 K& m: B5 p* v' L) F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 y) G% k: r6 v& Y d, Vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ {5 M v4 _2 o1 b ousing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 {7 O0 @# L7 f$ J; d4 F7 H7 @Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 W4 K0 ]3 b) q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to, @4 y# a+ l* J" o! z& i
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* v- g9 N( j5 t: Z1 T0 ?
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 r8 t6 t3 E( l$ ~baseline value in those females who were exposed to
$ u& _; ^4 q# P$ w+ O1 keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" x" @% _+ @2 E5 e; J8 u
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! p7 v4 t' G4 O5 E! I
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.# Z8 t/ l' X+ \8 a* M, P3 L# `# @/ x
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," [# [5 _, u9 j, Z5 i
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
8 g* q& }* Q6 k) M3 \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 S4 B) W" q- Rterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 r- Q' o) G( t- ?
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, R6 [# p- u& f* O& dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-, \- @0 v) F) G f7 {5 ~" ^' d9 U
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* B. b% C" i2 ?$ u2 L( }virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) Q6 I, I. f7 @! `. h! Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, s. z' k, V- a( g# P# F& |advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
4 d, N, ?5 ^% U# G9 cThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 ?$ X' Q! H# O# Wearly childhood on pubertal development and final
7 o B+ c5 y1 T! }; q; c, L4 `adult height are not fully known and always remain
& o& m7 G# A9 Z* p+ G( Ja concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! L8 [8 n' ]) D' Z
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
+ i9 Y8 Y5 H8 c& Sacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after' Z8 F$ O0 V9 W6 V0 F4 q' Z+ |
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 U: j2 L3 S2 s$ g) c* m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; W$ c, R6 y. h7 q l7 s7 C
There are conflicting reports and controversy( s, p2 N! l+ N: ^% w6 D% }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 R5 Z, g$ x6 o1 K3 ` n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' Z3 r9 a% [; P2 G3 R0 |adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-: }7 r/ d& x1 w& h
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: Z( d3 A9 V0 g4 N6 \, L, B. `. H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
3 p6 N' u/ O: g: ^" k& P& [- ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' r, k, F, M6 m7 X
penile length in clinical studies.
6 f* ~& s6 v' Y; m3 M) r" D+ tNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) d2 a( L- @+ K% C6 z- I/ x; {2 ?going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 B6 V. ]2 c' o- Z0 M5 ttestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
& i7 }: |' _0 Z! ~' _# Gthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.4 ~# B* I0 \, h. N
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ @% V: s" q# D" j; q0 r+ K& p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
+ B' @( F: t) O% C0 k1 rthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! @; \5 p/ n( _7 wheight will not be affected.( P6 i' E3 W0 B7 z9 ]
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-& g& A9 a: u2 T7 ~6 \
ability of androgen products in our society may
5 e( M8 u; w; |8 c2 ~, e5 P2 `indeed cause more virilization in male or female
5 ]2 m# A+ d; [2 t* d, p gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
: s) X7 \/ P4 C& n u6 g5 n: T# ngen products must be considered and specific ques-$ J* [' g) _6 d6 _. M/ T; b9 |
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" C1 [+ q( ?3 o G v: i3 s; g
gel should be asked of the family members during
$ w1 Y: h; G6 G2 S- v$ Fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 W# z& O8 b- R/ B8 N3 e9 qilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-, X+ f( B' e h8 W- ^3 @) W# q' x
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( `: J% k; `- s8 H" ]2 E, eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
6 v2 V" I* D$ i) z, k; Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may( K+ n0 L9 n0 W" v/ H+ a) N% { ]
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
v& n# r8 R2 @/ V& R$ Linvestigation. The primary care physician should be4 R0 q8 y- ]9 C
aware of this fact, because most of these children( O d( Q8 h+ z& s$ j8 C! B: j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 f0 o2 C( Y3 ?8 I9 `
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a5 \3 {+ W+ @! S, q6 J. ?7 |
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 z3 E7 V3 N/ J" U$ P
female child who might come in contact with some-
1 g* |, U& G7 j& qone using any of these products. ]; ?& ^3 ^( t6 c @
References
; \/ V" e! C$ k/ v S8 j R& ?6 S1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ z6 f8 c- F4 z, R
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) Z& \' N& x% I* B- R0 u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' {9 }, J$ v2 d2 O% E; D: W2002: 565-628.) y9 ?( V. e; a! I/ z# h4 X
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
) N& z1 g% S5 D j; C9 s6 c3 ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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