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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# \5 e7 i% X0 Q: j, T% p
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
+ y: `& @- s+ B8 l4 F. T) JExposure to Testosterone" p& a4 D6 u( \. K+ Q$ p6 e& w; Y
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
1 I0 F3 D3 g! `4 tand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, k3 A: H' ~2 e6 l; @
Clinical Pediatrics! i7 s0 _, M1 a! X
Volume 46 Number 6& K& y! E4 Z* c. `* z2 s" p' y
July 2007 540-543$ m  k) C5 ?5 J, _
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 M& a" R/ M. ]+ s& G10.1177/00099228062966510 w1 t( O5 q7 O8 S( W
http://clp.sagepub.com! b- @0 n, F, m5 v/ K: v
hosted at3 O3 W5 B5 `8 d$ t" d" `" Z
http://online.sagepub.com- `; O2 k" e- r' `! G: P
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,1 }) G; J. y$ B  W6 W8 o: n
is a significant concern for physicians. Central8 L# P" p7 D, _# j/ g' `
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
2 o% F; Y1 J6 ^. X$ k8 T, c) V4 Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ P- N* p' ]: T9 M3 C- o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 {1 j0 ~! }% v* M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. \- Q6 q( j* Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* G, V, H: R+ a3 K0 o8 `/ Q4 Qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-: U. y- m3 L$ o9 d& z# y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
" l* M% `9 D5 v7 T  S% Oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" s5 D% r) n1 b2 ^7 P. l" wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! Z! j. b: D3 P
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 K3 K1 j; O. l! H3 o$ r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
0 I) F/ [0 W+ D/ r" m6 Uthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
: g+ {" W, o; D- u2 c1 D/ lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 c2 f3 ]* ]/ \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of( y0 Q( J  r# _7 @+ T
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  j# m4 }) E% q2 v
bly more common than the rare case report in the
  G2 W! q. a3 g" o  s& o. [literature.4: c. r* J! g, a( t& h, V
Patient Report
" Q4 \! Q( \& pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
7 A% F3 a# U9 V$ y* I4 ^; {+ pendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
# k8 n+ U; {+ p% O# x" T9 ~7 o' hof early sexual development. His mother noticed$ z* Z. i- N& z
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& V3 X3 D1 u- {' RFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 T1 X" g2 b" Q1 D2 b- [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.. Y* c9 ]+ R* V! h/ G$ m1 _
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
: g! Q% r" N* Z& uProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ B3 V! K" Z) S, [0 s
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* ^/ G) H4 G& q3 h& B# {/ u
e-mail: [email protected].! S7 w; @! [# }
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' R, J$ t; P6 I" C+ U+ ~7 _darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  M  m" _) n/ P6 z) Oment of his penis and frequent erections. The child' M* {2 _# U% ]
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with- c! n9 d& y+ r; ~& O+ n5 A& _% N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( Q+ p1 R, f) j20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ A, G9 D7 V, N3 ]! e$ w+ J. V# yof life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ k  U+ z7 `( K6 t7 H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
+ o. w4 V; u) C/ q! Q$ k8 ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
* O2 y2 }; \% f$ ^$ bwas age appropriate.
: s2 X4 j9 b- ^6 f! oThe family history was remarkable for the father,1 P/ |/ G2 p' F# w* {7 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,6 x' b7 e3 N" O$ C' z" ]' ^5 e
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; ^( T& i: ]. v
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
8 F! v) i! L: v2 h* `' w  ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' V2 Z2 M# L& @* `' |  b
The father denied taking any other medication. The
5 W( O. q  a+ A# _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche/ W1 G1 e( h6 `+ T% [  F3 ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet5 q& @, ?, Y% [1 G; D9 b% z# S. I: v
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 _# K3 H+ m# ?  v3 ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 U$ q# Q/ [6 P" p- F
tives. There were no siblings.$ H) n" `  I5 V9 a5 L1 F3 t
Physical Examination1 h1 e' j- Y* ?& C8 z; l
The physical examination revealed a very active,
4 Y  c! _0 L; F: [1 r0 Pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 H+ i1 }3 {1 U. Ya blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. o" S$ U. z* q# T6 C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" R  X2 n& a0 \4 U6 m! B(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 y- i" i1 H' |* D
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of$ Y& l6 k' B( T* C1 }) e  I' m
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
, s' f& E  y+ x) K  y8 v( h+ WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for" W: v3 z% Z8 g+ M! |' ]% T: {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 D% j& E( n0 n' v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& \4 b' G5 l) R, f+ kdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
0 Y+ E, K5 \% w5405 s3 A$ {. r; w4 |  n5 e) p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# d' Z* \4 m7 E2 v. H+ Tthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
+ u" M7 r9 \6 v1 m' e/ stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.$ b+ ~" R' B8 U2 R% Z" D
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
  W8 H. f! c. Roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" A! P% ^2 s. e- ?: E+ {. ?abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ [1 H0 s$ W& t" h, o  MNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. k5 D1 Y" H1 X2 m9 I# I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- M; m+ K) e. s4 {8 F5 N
of papilledema.
6 T6 ?" B7 o6 |2 {Laboratory Evaluation
( U+ i& P* [9 @2 FThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
/ I3 T. x# p2 ?- l9 Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( H7 W$ s$ T( B' O
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: W  ?& ]- Z1 @/ Rkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# y% `7 v5 A3 k  ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
! G4 s! ^6 z& q2 ~% Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).7 B' B8 b0 P0 a
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- N" n  O' k; Aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. q" V; k- A* `- g
within normal range for his age. The concentration
4 J7 M" a, X- Z; E+ T9 `* eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
# {. P4 b& Y8 a9 H3 H( r(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: N& F# S0 Q* h2 @  n
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; H! g; u1 \- [5 ]2 ^terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) y* r* }' b) D5 a' D  l
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to% ~( V0 K7 Q8 U/ N6 P* n
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" k* `& N# `. L8 ^1 d+ J
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( r/ _5 J' o: H% S) X. T8 dtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; S* H2 B% Y6 i5 P/ \1 mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& b3 j' ^; R. O  r! r2 Q. Y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 x; Q: t9 G% o
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
8 G3 r) \, |+ rstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; x: r4 E5 _5 {' L' g! j& lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: j3 y+ D' w& N3 q
(prepubertal).
! q2 d* f: g& `2 J" fThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 R6 F9 i# J; k1 @results and were informed that all of the tests were$ ?, p) s- I% G5 G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
7 R$ _. p3 A* j! H& Wfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to1 i! w* ]+ S1 w
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 Z9 y, Q8 O& L7 w' g" O) L0 A' ]
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! O+ q- d1 l2 @8 D4 a6 C! nPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
" L1 K6 ~* Q6 k5 \2 C, Ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  u: D8 A' ^: `# Q/ h- F. I2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained( J# b/ O2 O6 y  x' p1 ]9 }1 r  k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-- Z; ]$ L  a& e) w7 V
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. y5 n" T* `/ J6 f- f  ~& w6 Cthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 p( b! D( K2 ~- D" CmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& i  f% w* O+ }6 n1 J4 ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
$ C" E( h7 u& z5 |- t9 [ing frequent erections.
3 U$ Q; k- a2 OBoth parents were again questioned about use of: {3 a. ?  c. e7 q8 K! ~3 V. y2 `+ \
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to. r* Q6 j3 f* b1 R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 {( D- Q  C& U) l6 {) S7 k4 ^: r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
2 w# u: n. [1 `# o6 J( j1 uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% x" J; {0 ^+ ]7 |" _/ G: h$ o
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 C9 t1 ~* Z6 z) P2 p  X4 o8 Q! B# ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! l4 A+ W% ?# nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) e* ]& b7 V0 J6 J; uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 A: {, d* ?2 a3 E* L- V
secondary to depression.
8 e( M/ r; h* TThe child slept in the same bed with parents.. T8 @' F) O/ ]4 l; t% w0 n
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his8 P( c2 j9 w1 X9 _4 h0 A) w
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ d: w& f' |7 K% x- Z0 d8 z( f
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.- X  Q; B" q1 U5 _
The father also admitted that after the phone call,6 B- F5 G3 M# \1 c
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby/ B- c  w5 M8 U; R
was high, he then read the product information
$ C9 S* M1 D! L) S2 _) j+ q+ q: Npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-- |8 p( p2 _1 o$ G  G8 _$ ^7 Z4 S
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' e  ]; S+ w6 |3 H& Xdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the- w/ G1 B9 b* A* ^+ t2 D. P
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 u) r4 X/ y! X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% ~+ Q! C7 Y$ N# w) L; _test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
- Q3 R1 h2 d1 _9 u; plaboratory to obtain the test.) ]: u$ Q$ q9 F) ~4 \
Discussion
$ _' c5 C  l& f' X& OPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" j7 y8 k( X7 Y( Zsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' I# ~0 R* Y5 `0 N% S) iPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- t9 S1 \# [6 r# v7 L
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-8 u1 j) g$ v+ n, H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' W" m; n4 o% w+ S  `/ q. Z
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 Q* {1 d2 r; J8 a& K; }/ F$ {may have a central nervous system lesion that is8 |. n! U. I9 C9 R; r) O
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-8 h4 A  j2 Q# M: j+ G5 ?+ I4 d( P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" U6 d8 k% m! w- m) G0 n0 E4 y7 a0 Z
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 i3 h/ R9 ]7 T: [2 |7 I0 |
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 }; ~! E+ l7 t9 w$ G2 D0 q0 l% ]ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, _5 N5 E* X1 j
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 y1 @# J& c' _gonadotropins.1,3
7 y+ }& I6 @# M2 \1 F9 d5 s5 CGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-3 Q: j- ~' i" g$ }8 j
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 a) G/ O( b( B6 i: i! }+ x% j8 H7 ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 r7 J/ E% m  r" ]+ E9 u2 L: Y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. ^5 @+ k2 I" G  m
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# J9 M4 h% W; r6 \, X( V! Qcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 U0 p/ P- C5 l6 F  @. \  B, Fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious5 w7 f% Q4 R, a+ Q2 d
puberty in boys.3,4
. W8 p' \3 ~0 {2 C: yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
7 e8 a% a7 q" W; |$ v2 F/ x; S" `hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  p0 m7 ~5 I8 R% bThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
+ d8 G! l* f8 }4 L* \1 ^excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 Q8 [* z5 T$ S6 I1 Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen) z( P  r$ c* g+ }
excess.1,3* b8 U$ S6 z2 H% X0 u, K
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 A6 c6 R" V/ x9 k542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( [" }$ T1 B. [! w4 S9 E0 aA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-9 M& m* u+ G# U
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; a  j& c% z# T6 \% U
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 b# l9 t0 f0 z# l' I
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
: g  I: {( ~+ P7 \! Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,1 E8 X3 ^* v! L" [
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' ~- z2 E  Q6 E# n' U( r3 P" @with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
3 R5 l1 j  v% G7 lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
' J: [" G8 O4 q0 c$ {& r: Wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 L8 l: x( f5 y: treleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 c$ ]0 e( ?  S# F* M( sautosomal dominant disorder that affects only' X" L( T# l! \$ s9 ?9 M
males; therefore, other male members of the family/ i- i5 P. D* j& v& |& Y% _: h% a
may have similar precocious puberty.3, U6 ]. X( L6 F( e$ L
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 H0 U) p! x+ u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ T+ V: A- \$ _& M0 p7 `
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% X* f( S' _+ o. ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father" {  ~$ F2 \! x0 G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
" q4 l) N, T( Q- f# `0 N6 @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ |  l1 V, L" i" w% K0 b6 Q+ Ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 B# [1 I; T' x! E, M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ }! D2 |9 O: Y
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
3 J2 N# V7 d/ K; r( |either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; e2 ?( f" E" V" h. O
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, [' R9 @2 Y8 ]- ~. H- k6 a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 H( P5 y2 c& n- X! x% XThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% |, Z/ `  _" _3 p; X0 o
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* Q3 l4 H; @7 e5 \( E& B( X/ Nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 \* d- [( M8 zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
1 g6 V) L' }; p8 A1 f3 C% m/ |decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-- O) h+ r4 J3 u7 ~! p
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 |5 D6 [# d0 R8 w. musing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’4 @" {) B3 b+ Y2 e9 b- ~4 h0 ~
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" c6 C* N; Y2 s$ y9 \cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
' B2 p; F/ L4 Q/ M$ z% E! }unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
, f0 d- L, f, P4 w( bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& Q! Q2 H6 P5 s' o6 g4 ]baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# v" H  k1 O" U( b" keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 R$ G# M$ O' g: r
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' Y% T; [5 F2 ~8 t+ C& m" B/ gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ Z  p& \. u0 ]" a2 D' G9 H3 }4 wOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 u  ~5 P- W. Y$ r% v, r2 [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. m4 E8 v; T3 @* a. q7 ~dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ R! [6 `  h5 D) j
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
4 \0 }* \) _0 p7 G; }) cactive in young children exposed to testosterone% U+ K% C# K8 ~- D7 u# U1 L8 }
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 [; \# ~6 K/ k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" Q+ j- K6 C  H  O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
& I& T5 x" \& xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and1 X0 [: q2 _0 H0 F7 {4 q* u
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) @# y9 o% J1 o& E( \, tThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 b' {4 Y% ^) L6 \; Jearly childhood on pubertal development and final% B$ h& W; t' h; ?
adult height are not fully known and always remain$ c8 r' b$ G" [- b1 I: S
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 s: U" F. b/ s! ^  M; Wterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# K# K8 G: C: u4 U) ]5 Z+ }( @acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ ]) M' H5 S6 v& Qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- L. i. H& P4 P) H% H8 b! J+ m4 s6 T  Q& _
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) E) U! x3 _, ^2 J- `There are conflicting reports and controversy
- {% E" _: i/ o5 a- o6 X. L5 V' f% t1 vover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 g0 R% Y# M4 c3 Hpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
  [' e5 L1 g& \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) h; u3 z% C$ |: P$ C. F6 G
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 ?; D3 T' C6 ~. |' PSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: ^5 a9 N( [6 ]+ w  `childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( p# j5 K' Y0 y, t! B8 _5 N
penile length in clinical studies.
6 v0 M6 D* D' J$ I6 [0 dNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is  R9 f( F1 Y& p2 o' M( j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- y8 r9 J4 y: G, k, n7 y
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because! H% b  P+ U3 o# K0 z3 j8 |
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 q& `9 n  r4 O/ d1 A6 @7 j) UAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
& ?, L1 H" a& `, n8 g9 G' mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at$ l" [8 \6 }' k  [+ p
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult2 N: c# ~* o, V9 c2 C9 r
height will not be affected.
) R! y7 ^4 ~( B/ A9 KAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-( X: w( ~' k8 j  d" j
ability of androgen products in our society may; c9 n8 d9 o' f! S8 B- ?
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ o8 z+ v2 B: J( R: K& Nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: F4 m# S+ t: `3 R# M. a
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 r5 I/ H6 W% u6 E+ Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or- M* F% l, V# ~$ {( r) Y$ ^' T
gel should be asked of the family members during- b+ R3 r# P& q$ Y# S
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-9 Y' t; m% g7 S8 d+ M( U* J
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 V3 w( r* L2 ^; [4 L! S
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by2 M2 o9 l. {. }3 m/ G/ I+ j
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a+ k$ z% u" z: \" b& b4 Y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; h" O2 e0 `9 d4 C, aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( O9 Y3 c9 N- c7 S
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ q! C. j2 v% E
aware of this fact, because most of these children: z. J" q. w0 S7 V5 n
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, \' D! w, |4 J! C8 U' O' d
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, N) s) S$ ^5 j8 W3 \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or$ Z" q4 B, [7 e$ x9 W* k$ u
female child who might come in contact with some-  M! [  p9 @6 b4 c. q1 x& P" ~
one using any of these products.
: {/ }( {0 p& n5 _8 A" V+ X; MReferences* |6 [) @# u8 |$ b+ M/ ?% L5 H
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation3 ?/ V  E, r( `2 j1 Q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- h# @5 y2 ~: M# aEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- b8 r" `% i5 X0 n; U0 g8 J* N) n2002: 565-628.  m1 t0 o% `0 `/ A! x
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 ?3 `* u. m& J( a3 u2 Lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 ?4 {; v1 |; t- w! z1 g  e7 L/ G
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical  u3 n. y( D3 v  l% v8 s
Exposure to Testosterone
! H9 Q/ q, D! z% n5 _Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,25 v5 m" U9 H7 @' g  P6 _+ ^
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 _8 T8 [  I  |: y7 ?# V1 M9 A
Clinical Pediatrics
: R9 i( c7 @9 H4 V) `Volume 46 Number 6. P9 ~1 m4 a1 @6 ~5 h4 Z, q9 Q
July 2007 540-543
0 Z+ X* M2 R: n" K# L% y© 2007 Sage Publications1 w& Q% F( X* T1 c5 D3 _. T$ Q9 P
10.1177/0009922806296651( N% t' _7 I1 u9 j# P  }2 W5 e
http://clp.sagepub.com
) m: |' n0 V1 ohosted at
5 I1 N2 u3 E/ I) \: ?( Y9 \: dhttp://online.sagepub.com( f+ E9 Q" Y+ L9 s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) v9 C9 x) q6 e7 U6 L4 b; v' p  n' N
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" i2 H) O2 B! }3 o- _0 t9 G* xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 K) |9 `7 |7 ?* ?, V+ z' L& E
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' W0 j: u+ m8 M, Ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system! x% v  T# ?; G  p
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested2 C  a& k- U8 m% H' w1 y: [1 J
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
1 q; U7 E2 r9 _$ E4 ?hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# x; T* D4 |1 W% _; \cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
2 e  S. l* X( V+ @* }report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the0 S2 ?6 P$ b/ B6 [, t) V
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-! @7 }5 }& p% d
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
9 j8 j9 B% x) E, [to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ z" g  N6 ]* m8 C
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
. E: w  _! q9 gmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" {% c  M# J" c6 |
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 Y  F0 ?  Y3 K" M  n- |testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 Z  K% C1 t! y* q2 ^3 Ubly more common than the rare case report in the
! R* ~) V0 [: ~$ J: }) a: {literature.4% Z4 g) Y# j+ `0 ~1 N
Patient Report
) f+ W8 U: n4 S9 t7 dA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ P, z/ Z3 d, m1 V4 {$ Q( i+ Hendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* v- M) d1 R4 O3 r6 d& M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed& `0 s* G; {; Z# ^4 Q% [- a
light colored pubic hair development when he was& B: H/ D: c1 L9 h( k* M
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
9 r7 b. Z4 g' O1 P) q( SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: s: W7 r, b* C2 }) H2 g* BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 K) B5 D2 n5 q3 \2 k7 a
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
  V1 m& ?4 o1 u+ Q% c( l1 Q6 \Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
5 M& n! E4 M3 x$ xe-mail: [email protected].
: @" ^6 U6 S- i' z+ Q4 zabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) d2 J# m$ ~* H; R! _% G+ _
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 `3 V  {. N3 H
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
) O/ }9 ?/ P! `was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with3 ]9 N3 U6 G6 m6 ^& J
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" O) l1 c0 b" b0 r/ W
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year) m) B' z1 U; \2 u6 L! Q
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- j7 B- o# F6 r" B$ d1 M+ J
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
  @3 a3 w2 B- C2 Y, Pand his psychosocial and psychomotor development7 n% ^9 i; F( k" M4 C' c
was age appropriate.
) l& n& C: p- N9 _The family history was remarkable for the father,
- @8 z, p! e0 k$ ?# l, [/ Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, W! N5 s1 _( H) t& R/ ?! Lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
3 [$ D" T1 f0 {1 q" |& o# W& K2 Aheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat# ~* _8 ^$ B% |" U; a+ `
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' \( x$ o  E( X
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- H5 w- |$ c! ~child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
4 v3 P/ d: b5 fwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 O: f/ M8 t0 H
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-% j+ a+ s7 e$ @" C  \5 U. _
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 Z0 {- v. `' m! _% Y: Ltives. There were no siblings.
7 i. `+ p/ D7 _Physical Examination( [4 c7 ~# F  m
The physical examination revealed a very active,8 w: V& K* u( o; x: N6 ]+ ?# D4 m
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* {+ ~4 ]0 N  V* ]
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 q0 ]2 g6 E' G
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg1 X: g) g; ^: [# U4 q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 j! z  k6 m, w; y! C
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( l1 Z1 C, K6 X* Jthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
* M+ e7 D! Z* u6 NThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for% A+ s: H8 h! f6 g$ [
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  v+ \0 U6 h# r1 x
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 x: A$ u+ X- K& E) d6 P( O- K& V$ D
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. }* C$ U9 H* x% _( _2 V. _540
- C+ G3 Z3 y: {7 k0 ?8 F/ hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 S/ D) X# o+ G* B8 u0 M
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
  z0 Z& A: t& k8 d; l" w  Atesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.7 o8 S( g8 a0 V% o
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 h) w0 F$ R& foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no) l1 g) L- \- E" f/ h0 ~
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- @! Z0 {) ~. P0 T% e% d; Y
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+1 t$ r) [6 V! N# A6 Z7 c& x
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- r; B7 q% k/ n, s
of papilledema.# s0 b( ]. N* e, t
Laboratory Evaluation) B. D4 {1 ~) F* J- v9 c
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
% X! E6 `& t7 ]# Qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-6 Z2 o/ B: i3 `, W
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal7 O) L8 i0 b3 o
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: q: U! G9 _$ I1 m
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ ?) o2 C1 f& J, N/ v& ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).5 c) ]3 p0 P+ D. T
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 \% _. ^# ~+ K4 C* jurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% i3 u7 k# o' L) a+ A
within normal range for his age. The concentration
7 v5 Q; ^. j1 y5 ^' E' R7 p/ fof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ d! B$ B& j( m. n; w3 @6 L(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; A' _( a0 I0 u- Zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 ?8 U. H' K0 _/ o& c8 j4 f6 ?2 pterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) U/ G& s8 b# j7 A8 H* `desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 r4 t$ Y3 _' U2 B
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# c9 o" D3 k/ ?1 g7 O% owas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-! O  ?1 w# U5 Q+ m5 A4 A
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- [3 p1 y2 O- n- x9 W4 d8 A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# S- D$ l! o- h: {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ {& E# m4 a- N8 S; }! y
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 N$ M1 }, S# w; U! t  R( T
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- u/ q6 z6 A1 pconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ \/ {0 q& O- J6 W$ I0 G! s1 V
(prepubertal).4 t6 }3 Q5 F# q3 A
The parents were notified about the laboratory
" H( @; r+ T  w  c/ ~results and were informed that all of the tests were3 z$ v$ ?* T) d1 D
normal except the testosterone level was high. The6 N5 T9 G- T- Q$ y
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 M, w) B8 R3 T3 G, w' J$ ]
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 W- t% O' ^, Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 q' W6 U, [  v+ f
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- p. l3 P5 Z% E0 E( n
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 U/ q# r* ?! i- C4 ]
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
" g1 ]; E9 N& C" b2 munchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
# F0 J1 R5 j9 x3 d& d0 Apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at! z2 l( n1 @+ }; v& d( X
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
8 v. h1 D- v7 N( }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 }& b# M' y2 a# S# N& @# {2 |
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ J: E: X2 ]5 Q
ing frequent erections.
# l" G; c# u( P% \Both parents were again questioned about use of/ l6 Z1 ?. u' r9 E( {( l5 V: W  v
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 z7 \0 V2 V1 E- {$ l/ E) Gthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ b. \8 q% I3 k; p. R2 HTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 e! j9 s5 h9 F1 puse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
% ^& y3 P* m0 ving over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 ^- @: D; i( t% q3 I1 @4 g% U
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
0 ]! c5 z8 \8 B2 [' z) Ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  n3 i' m2 k' a6 h( c/ Dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido: R6 k/ T$ j6 l, c! j
secondary to depression.
" }; r  t5 H' i7 Y7 Q& lThe child slept in the same bed with parents.  u! g- b* @" _6 t% l; r6 C
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 o0 E! g+ b2 w+ a6 E: Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: l: k+ K: @7 a+ T5 K  _' f
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 O- m4 @$ x7 p, X& e5 TThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 `" c- ~$ q4 l' b. rwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby: P2 ]' n* c. v2 ~/ D! f3 Y5 s( c
was high, he then read the product information
/ F! X1 h  A  E  g0 I2 spacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
" o. I' F- y4 f1 l5 k1 t( Gson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ M, E0 a  ^8 ^: W
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% X$ F" |* }5 q% G  c, \: q0 i3 ifather was not hugging him with bare skin and had/ n6 q" K' g/ d/ B- k6 G3 R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ U( k: F  l. S( ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
. \' C/ i+ c7 x% _laboratory to obtain the test.; J" l$ g$ L: C+ }: a
Discussion
6 r4 d9 [( i4 r* aPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary/ Z6 K7 {6 Q8 g) C  `: }1 _& d- G
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,47 j; p( A" F: ?* z0 o
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 _' C0 Y% Y+ x* V- j
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-$ A: J7 H& [( Y' [8 v" b8 O9 X3 A
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 E, t& w# D+ ]
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- {+ L& G. e$ ^5 Mmay have a central nervous system lesion that is  N9 C# k& D' f! u$ x
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  ]' I# ~& _. |' m2 @( A8 f4 Wamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. b' [1 Z6 a9 T3 r0 Q; Xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
- w4 u% k* I" {boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  M9 P+ j' G( P+ ^1 I" @
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 Y& {1 X( Y1 u; P
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 n4 \1 e3 t% \, E% P
gonadotropins.1,3' `8 L, C# m+ e  r6 `
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
* Y6 U7 {: O- m. G( D5 dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 e' O/ D& ~2 Z- g% F
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
0 b/ ~6 S' f! i7 r' C6 Xexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ q! B1 Q) c5 M2 o" I6 }ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, l7 O* J) ?. ~: }( C- e% O
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
, Y' @' ~2 s+ h5 g' d; qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  A. v$ ~7 u' Q, N3 N0 `
puberty in boys.3,45 S# Z. L$ ~$ t8 _; T* i! u
The most common form of congenital adrenal
% |9 i0 D. y. l. p  nhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 p! j% q, D) Y( `5 R& v( @* }( h' pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
" @/ `7 @$ [' {2 W0 U" R. Qexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 H" V; v& Z" G) b7 B+ V/ d% h' x
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen/ e" p: y' A; A9 t: S
excess.1,3
" U1 E/ D9 W; Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
5 E1 E" d- p+ A& f& \/ x542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
2 ]! D8 P0 i$ |5 @! j6 O& J8 F) WA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! g+ [( q( x; S) ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
* o' i' C( D' pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. V: }! t. r: Q$ \6 k8 s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys2 j+ K$ G6 O. r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,( ^9 L4 U& ]0 E8 \$ y3 i
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys( W: B0 h  N5 B& x  Y% k4 \
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 F. r5 _) i2 f5 |are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 ]- V, k4 T  upubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& Q: b! [, W( V4 \. b% r  jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. f( `$ o; m; F6 A) j; y# P+ gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
: U. b5 j8 \$ T) `" m( B( Emales; therefore, other male members of the family
4 w6 v7 }) `1 `1 Omay have similar precocious puberty.3$ {! {$ K6 Y/ v4 @( p6 S
In our patient, physical examination was incon-$ P/ y6 s( j; Z* v8 R
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-8 n) l% G! h7 q  s! c
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 p  l4 ~0 K# h3 y3 bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father2 |* u1 e. Y! z6 s
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* G9 g6 N5 i0 S& O) [5 ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 x' N  u* A- a) n5 b# [
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
; t& Q1 `/ V' a; U6 o) c/ `2 S2 R2 eative initial history of androgen exposure, our
6 \3 L1 S- @' q  y2 _biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 q! C/ p& V4 e2 C) l
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
1 j+ `) Z) V3 c% zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-' i0 z6 e+ T" f: s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
$ r- C) B+ p# \- \, F- hThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly) O0 m8 _4 B" Y% v
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- y+ P; J4 j/ ~! w
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( A) g+ j1 Z* n! l3 I5 J6 upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 M* n5 b% u& rdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# v: C  F% B$ Q( A7 J9 {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
+ C$ h" S/ U4 fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’2 [: L2 ]* S! `9 I+ R
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
4 y, [+ f3 R6 O. Ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% H2 W8 x. r  ]# I, \' Y. D
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., ^# C- K( u/ i1 o, B
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
% E4 k4 w, E7 K, Jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to/ p6 L2 M4 }$ g$ @6 t% N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male! _- G' G% D  B+ W! n8 \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! h6 ?& h3 C  y+ Y* j2 k- x
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( n9 M, g1 _7 t& F$ [. E
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 {) @" ]" b, u- Ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- S5 T6 F3 W5 Q, J8 m6 `
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) }2 I$ {7 m0 l1 C5 E5 b. Oterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 x0 O; ?: |' |7 j- T
active in young children exposed to testosterone
* x7 T1 G* U1 |" m; e* ?exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* y$ `& `2 b) C+ y6 {drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' u6 O  A5 q5 o6 }, L+ f5 }
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ R8 L* G/ w* ]3 @+ l( t. |9 Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 Z3 P" y, m" v8 c" f# `
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! L5 F' ^! f0 O/ n, u
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# J- X- M$ R" a4 I# T+ N5 Searly childhood on pubertal development and final6 z  q  p1 j- G! t, g; M
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 R) ^0 O! u: V
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 q1 E4 S0 I* C& P) B3 w
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
3 h' l8 t: J& c; ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
  G& H% V$ s/ E7 L" }cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation3 p& C+ e8 x- |8 P* c, I4 y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,96 }7 u1 I3 ^: m) g# s' d  n  |2 B% C
There are conflicting reports and controversy  [" K- Z) ~" b* p' r
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# m8 L, V3 [  t2 p$ S* z
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- I3 @" x; `! u& @1 B7 Ladult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  _2 X: }- |$ Z( T6 c) nulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 J9 r' O1 D4 E+ A7 b1 S; r
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between) j. w/ n1 a/ I# }+ v  ~
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ \/ T* t! G0 Tpenile length in clinical studies., d: ^; ~) ^# |) ^  _# l  }
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. R* W% g3 `" x# q: y) [going to experience any of the untoward effects from+ g- K- w( N/ G
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
/ E5 `' c4 w: j0 wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; ^: H' ]$ N% N. BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' L+ B  U! H3 m' H% T$ @5 _diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; p5 p6 _3 x& V7 w( t) v5 g) P
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; W2 @2 c) p: w! z9 I7 Y7 Rheight will not be affected.
$ b# C2 c1 x/ K2 I% [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 m; W- z2 P' j- n: N
ability of androgen products in our society may
% m: l- D+ Y* Iindeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 D$ a0 |$ v* J7 }! Qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 B+ b& M9 S9 x  w9 }8 I  p
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
. `- E/ F2 c- r( A( Otioning about the use of a testosterone product or
9 b& {8 z7 ]# E& O$ P, ~+ ^* S4 L9 |gel should be asked of the family members during& p7 f6 N! a; T, z1 Q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 o) d3 G, u5 }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" Y, v" F) G! Y) j
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  c2 g: o; t1 v1 a. L. r! Pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! w- o8 A/ E% ^$ Chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
9 u8 p5 I, m9 i9 aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 n1 S$ j8 V. s3 I
investigation. The primary care physician should be
. g. d! Y$ `0 l( q" J5 G4 b# daware of this fact, because most of these children
$ ]& y( R& U0 }1 gmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’6 {2 N: O. z0 Z7 B) x1 J% n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- b' `4 ?1 z3 j9 rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or! w+ O7 {" M: D$ w  S$ e: ^
female child who might come in contact with some-
6 I6 I* @. |7 s' aone using any of these products.3 t, t) i- v6 F4 o6 H! m  K1 \# S
References+ |: X$ J2 i/ g
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
% z" @8 p& P1 ^! x' {and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric' X; U0 z' O6 b7 R; w( ?1 M0 K
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;& b7 e( [  a4 d) X' O
2002: 565-628.1 A. p) u9 V$ I5 F7 o; m
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: ]+ n$ {( ]5 F% W
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

/ a2 ]- ?2 |( V9 a& c6 d: y0 c5 ~精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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