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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old, f: ^; j$ M% R, {. m9 g! ?( f
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 }7 L0 V! [  K3 F  ~8 F6 mExposure to Testosterone2 l# v0 l6 Z1 d8 t! M( m
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& y) b! q8 _2 u$ ]! Mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1) i  s. ]0 E- o& }4 v
Clinical Pediatrics
8 h) S* r/ T6 c. y+ ^* j6 Q3 QVolume 46 Number 66 @$ Y% x0 d2 W' r. w
July 2007 540-543
6 W$ z! l3 B9 H- ~% F( M6 y© 2007 Sage Publications
% l/ X: V- K) w$ }# p" J7 G1 y* k8 |10.1177/0009922806296651  n5 R8 C$ ?. E- r; j5 N) E
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 e/ h+ _, ?( K- xhosted at
' b) ~+ y: `4 l; v1 O/ h# e; Thttp://online.sagepub.com
+ }  l! B8 Q* j, y8 P+ oPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% M5 W: M6 q8 ^2 F* V
is a significant concern for physicians. Central5 x! P$ [% I& q/ H! {! J
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 r) e: j6 p8 ~0 O2 u5 H1 q! D+ x$ Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has$ r# F9 G1 L% f$ a9 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& a2 S  m$ s# ^0 }/ K- Plesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( F8 Q8 Y! {0 l6 Q  \
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
; B8 ]! T0 X0 S! M9 Z# _5 whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-" {- x+ U3 {+ l0 ?. J8 u0 \" J. G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
/ O; x& C; H. J: preport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the2 l1 k7 o0 s, A8 k* X( o; y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
  H$ f) g  j1 T7 p3 v) O7 Jment without testicular enlargement, which was due& h, X1 ^: X* [: S, m% Z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by& K& N# }+ o( o& ^5 M
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-" U5 M* D: J. p3 R$ w  o
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this# d/ F- f# N( [! @9 Z. u: N4 ~
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of% ~0 h( `; `6 ?" o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
  X  Q( p2 y( r: O0 m, O: I- ^) J( ^bly more common than the rare case report in the
& B+ i7 L% H+ y* K0 X6 _literature.4- y( L  l* u; L* N7 f5 ?5 c
Patient Report& u  O/ Q8 F7 ]  x+ D5 n* [. z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 K4 z1 m2 Q% Z# Wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern  ^4 C: k* p/ |
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 p: I- \* w" `& B  T5 l4 c0 c  Nlight colored pubic hair development when he was0 ?" E$ m1 ]* U0 E& y1 }4 T
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* D7 L/ A* C# a/ M
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 T& V1 H! ^7 G* D3 W/ y0 R- W
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," C9 P; ^/ R( V, k0 u* l
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 m3 q4 ]8 I& V/ z+ l6 w0 qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;8 W$ g5 ]0 A. n4 [
e-mail: [email protected].
9 c7 f4 c5 M3 o: s5 m& n% x8 Sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( `" ?4 @/ N  b# P. R' M, Q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) V9 E/ b- ~. J( j* T# u' T  gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 I) U$ Z3 |; B/ n2 r; owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 f. X7 [# ]! A* ?/ _1 X$ z+ o$ Ma birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
" S# Y( d; Y3 ?8 @- `* H20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( _7 T4 \0 e' [, G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ S4 k1 z1 F" G8 ]* A& y% u! d
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,6 K5 Q/ H/ }7 _0 B; |( t6 c8 M. @
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& P% O! G7 e1 @& T! ?5 j
was age appropriate.
/ c0 W5 t9 ^, c3 t3 qThe family history was remarkable for the father,: o7 r7 u+ o1 m/ a6 }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,  C, x# i5 W( T. K( b+ s, b' \& k
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, S. e" h7 n; n, q
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat" b. b0 i& F4 r6 O
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, K7 Y- Y7 j, r; kThe father denied taking any other medication. The
! I4 k, Z8 t3 n( q4 {- Z! [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% I) V! x1 [! ]9 g
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet8 L4 @4 ]" {0 `' k2 L" C
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( ]5 C  _# T. B3 o6 V6 c' j
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 o, `# G/ A1 Ztives. There were no siblings.. Z3 \5 V  L. u5 I* D" a$ m
Physical Examination
% `7 d$ ?. K9 Q0 q3 ^The physical examination revealed a very active,6 N5 `* T  g2 T5 o, E7 G6 ~
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented2 K( I, C. S( [7 Z1 {
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; ^- a* z' X7 t" N3 _
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
5 ?, h5 T5 N5 v& d$ I(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 l7 C) {' I) z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# Q6 H( ?& C- T
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& o( C5 j# k  W' [  hThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for+ q1 g: @; @5 k' w
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of8 T! }7 B! G; N$ B5 u; o
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  h- Q/ I. a% ?! R1 p7 x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around5 \( H! G' X2 i# ?1 C' P
540& o) H- F( m& ^, o* j( F% ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 b/ [6 l8 t3 i; M8 d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The0 o$ o* _2 _( V$ Q6 ]' e. ?: ?
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 v4 w3 V" {& Y, v0 D* kThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
& `- s* a# u& H8 W& zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. N4 b+ V1 L3 b0 Q2 |: ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ l  e4 z9 f- |9 ]  n
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+9 O9 [2 z+ T7 W6 ~7 k
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
, ]  t( H9 [$ m( [of papilledema.
$ d8 |( S/ ^8 Y2 k( e; F2 ~5 O0 P/ _9 k, eLaboratory Evaluation
2 e9 [2 |! T: Q: U* oThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# x7 U+ E$ X( K0 }/ z: E% M0 vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-; L+ T  ]8 o2 n) N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal5 Q5 L' h  \: P  S$ t! G: A, c- g
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test6 e1 z0 m5 p: c+ \" b( D: S
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# |. R3 M: b' h- A. Flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* N* _& t* f; a) FThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ _/ A0 k$ b) m; T
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- n( s9 p$ q0 ~1 d8 _! i4 twithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ s" L2 ~3 }+ n0 }: E
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( l* x: |# s4 s(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 x, H9 R, s  I2 p' z7 E/ C
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 J! t$ C- _2 G: f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
- l$ S5 v# m, W& udesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
# F1 _; h5 _: D5 C49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ T& t, D. V* t% [6 F6 F% {was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( }3 {; o% {! J7 k4 _
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total1 t/ g0 b5 `. V$ u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),' J# Z" G# P1 f% z) m
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 |4 ~$ V% b& C- c+ p
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 n6 z- y& d9 ]+ K8 astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' u+ k" [( n8 M6 Rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ b8 p) B& q% l
(prepubertal).
+ b" _3 K  Z! a/ y5 _5 E. wThe parents were notified about the laboratory
6 C, {4 Y3 f: `results and were informed that all of the tests were: D; J4 e+ ?' y0 R2 f
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 ~: r8 \5 g( L" M
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 j" s: ^/ Y8 N! I0 n: L! jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-: X. H+ V0 J! S9 L% [" W: e. u
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.: i2 l. p/ x/ f+ k+ ^
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
( [* A, j8 d& b" ^child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained+ m# ~5 h& E% w# @; o& g6 ^
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
) K+ E7 d, I- a3 Vunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 l$ D' @+ q  k, u) R4 X
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
& W0 W( q$ R4 t% `& Nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. Y+ H/ e- d% _1 w+ e* B% U& n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 q: |- D. I4 H2 H
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-6 i5 I0 u& f) Y4 Q! \
ing frequent erections.8 u6 {( P6 W) U  s3 m& a
Both parents were again questioned about use of
5 H, F# q/ Y( Nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
# P& H# I0 e9 B# T7 P( l# `the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the4 Q$ A, y9 W( g. T. f  T( {
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 h: r$ ?& l8 D  T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-+ s* c% s( m0 ?
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" l: z$ |8 i9 c3 [! C+ X
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 C0 V8 v  T3 Y  o
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
; ~/ C0 a% X+ rscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 H3 H! G8 C, D  D* q  w4 Esecondary to depression.
5 B0 F! [% {8 y/ VThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
0 q: h! k' X4 g$ P, {  n. @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his+ s; Z0 M7 I! p# }2 ]% P
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' i# _& L* E3 _% bnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. e: |6 q& e. G% S1 E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
" V1 S4 D" o$ ~5 iwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% ?- }& L7 ~, z3 L9 xwas high, he then read the product information) T8 X# u# F" Q" L' }; u; {" @
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 S8 W/ }: h# [& I( @( lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
- I* ~0 I  }2 _4 p' J3 Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# X+ ?( _! t2 S4 k
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had, ^& G* c5 m6 t' l* L9 H
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 W, m8 M" W3 a$ H- Q1 Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 z; g" `6 B4 y* A+ d
laboratory to obtain the test.9 U3 d- [  v1 _0 |
Discussion
, V+ E8 Q+ ?7 _* n# a" r8 `Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
4 j. U  f, q# I% F2 U$ N$ y/ q. \sexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 D" m. ~, H' V2 D) i: p
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
+ p) T$ c" N- {$ ?it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# R6 P: O; C! c$ V& \
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- H8 t' m& B# w0 o( Y1 V, ?
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* p- x0 ?+ N: S  H$ qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
) q3 ?. O6 |% G0 C$ x: tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-9 H# E% Q/ Z% f+ C& q' A$ K
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 d5 y8 B2 M5 A0 \! h" [9 ]
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
" i* a0 _' A# |boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# ^  ^0 K/ Z( d5 O3 \- a1 ~
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
9 Q8 s% c. v: ~rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
7 r- A. z5 P2 T$ u( a2 xgonadotropins.1,3
8 \$ e. E) b  I4 [Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* K& v, x0 t6 C9 ^- ]1 _  e! @* h
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 @' Q( O1 d1 M/ ?6 X- Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or8 E' z) I1 [& R3 R$ |9 a
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 i/ n1 y' ~, \+ `
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing* D% s/ g6 _9 p* u
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- c0 Q# X* F3 P4 b) t
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious6 m5 D$ U' i. S+ m
puberty in boys.3,4
5 G  m, X! _/ M( [The most common form of congenital adrenal
' F* T. H" [$ Y& |hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.# _5 ^4 e' f" |+ y; y3 l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
: `9 z, }6 q: `7 J( aexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* R8 I8 C/ A" s' j0 ?8 D
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen! d' C& g0 d1 j
excess.1,3& q( ~, _0 Q4 b& U8 a2 z/ T
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& q5 @9 B* M& R/ R) f6 N) D542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
# G7 ~+ U6 s: SA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
  j2 s3 t) r1 @independent precocious puberty, which is also known
$ X: ]- |) D' Ras testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 `2 O% J8 }7 G/ E- every young age. The physical findings in these boys# I1 E$ ~2 L  s6 M$ t
with this disorder are full pubertal development,# H% v; x" ?. `
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys+ O! A, N. D0 a
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" H) D: c: |4 Z2 X7 X
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show( r! `/ `# S+ i0 m! \3 b/ G* m% s$ E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" N2 ]8 t9 p5 u- h1 {; g9 l
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( }9 B. B! b$ s: Q6 a0 k) f  a7 gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  V- [& {; H, c( S8 h7 v; mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 T, R5 Z7 e6 ~2 w; Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3" }4 t; {, u# C+ U6 d+ Y9 u1 @6 \
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 l1 E' V" q. q
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% V( ?* N/ s5 I- ?& e5 r3 D6 e
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
& l" U6 m# b; X" J( O: N2 f  ]$ Twas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' ]8 R8 y9 _* jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% I8 ]5 Z* e5 Q4 k5 z& D
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 X& m0 A: a+ g" \- H8 B2 a( ~beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-1 U2 [, I- y$ m; ^. \: B% b
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; F6 q) S) _: f6 Z8 M4 n/ ]+ Ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
" J) |2 Z# v" B( Heither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, [9 i9 `! U) P' X# q3 M/ ?deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
3 s9 K8 f  O0 ~ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- e" p0 V& H4 e0 NThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- j9 \3 u" F1 vsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because) a" v$ [# Z& a4 l" t2 e
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-6 u3 w  e, u: Z0 t$ e
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% W3 _) f8 ?6 B
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-0 Z  ~; p# P$ O4 X$ {: {% n7 t
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& \+ i; U) ^2 E, [+ z
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" ~( h7 B' G% R8 Z6 t8 I
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or0 s% ]" }0 |# ?& E) y
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to$ Y8 K  N( F' B. C5 }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 H2 W5 N7 k- F3 ?9 x+ I# E+ Y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% k$ z+ l" i* A: @' d2 E" i
baseline value in those females who were exposed to6 T% y; ]3 o- e/ g2 T
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 q% O/ X; u2 ]; j% k8 r' Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-+ K: o6 K. b4 b. o! }6 J; y$ q: L
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.) E: q3 S. _# `1 Y; p3 T4 `
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 u8 a8 S, I1 U. R* g
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ U, a/ w" U; K* N( Adermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
/ z3 @% e3 d3 p  F. {terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( B& u+ {4 s% d/ f, _" }active in young children exposed to testosterone! t6 {; G; [- i1 M2 g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* R4 v* a! F1 {0 T* b
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" ~7 I2 J" I* @! A9 G3 ]
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
$ n: s' C5 q$ j0 W9 t! [0 V5 lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 y# S/ _; `! C8 F8 I- j9 Kadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.! m* Z; Y9 m1 H! E
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 ~* l$ I. m( R$ u+ b+ Xearly childhood on pubertal development and final8 _) Y# X1 l4 H  G( v5 j9 G$ w" f  s
adult height are not fully known and always remain& X" I5 Q4 ^3 v6 b
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' U7 N6 R" N3 H. M$ o! x3 Y3 C( w7 u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* y8 O4 ^9 v: ]+ l
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 }( X( k8 Z3 O8 }9 F4 M5 Mcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 U) A+ B" d) J$ ^decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
- O2 r7 U3 x  z( P4 f: O5 _% CThere are conflicting reports and controversy# k  i- _  ~  O2 i. P2 r' x
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult9 X9 S+ R6 P6 N3 o
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
9 [0 T3 E0 X- n0 gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ Y* {* M% M& P; w: Aulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 t5 V5 @: V, w- I6 F
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 Y! T4 x6 B9 _& P* ~( @" R
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( A7 }; M3 K  G1 Wpenile length in clinical studies.
8 R7 V: l/ |9 U% i0 N7 mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 F, H, P# t0 n$ X% Hgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 t4 ?5 v" v) ]! {5 Itestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
  R& n2 a  P, E2 I: {' o# c8 K# Lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
5 ^8 c2 M. I) O, C+ U4 w- Q& U+ Y) U( \Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
; x0 x% \' W  N  u: F+ g! a- n; adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ s+ F2 c3 I7 N/ Z0 _the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 ]% R7 k+ H9 a3 o( vheight will not be affected.
/ g; a" r4 J" d9 I* g6 j7 M/ sAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 B/ o/ J5 U" N4 G+ oability of androgen products in our society may1 m0 w7 ?( U: p4 [0 w& R% L
indeed cause more virilization in male or female. m' P3 @  v: `' U; u$ F
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-# }, R- p& V  u  O# f+ s
gen products must be considered and specific ques-' ^2 q6 E5 Z% t* ^* Z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ ]. i' b7 }9 M. R# `  k  j6 e
gel should be asked of the family members during& {0 G0 Y6 [& f3 o% e% g2 P6 a! w2 e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
  A6 \1 O& K7 _ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' C" l! R* L" |( a+ ?: m
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; b2 A+ E, ~* E, B) tappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 z# ~, Z' |0 F; Z
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" p" H2 G6 g6 j$ M- E- L3 sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 m+ Q4 P& A7 J) g6 U2 ?! h. \investigation. The primary care physician should be4 B: V  p7 \. {/ D8 o+ C
aware of this fact, because most of these children  M, O2 }* V9 l
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’& V# ?6 ]. Q! f4 j
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 L* ]& C9 C& ^: P) Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
, P6 M4 k. d4 x# N$ T  \. U2 Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-5 a# g- a6 P& y; L' w
one using any of these products.7 b7 m- e9 w% a% c( c' P
References
# x2 L8 }$ K- R# k1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 c* F2 j2 j  x- s& [& @) r* |/ C5 i4 X
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric: Q7 j' j/ B  U1 |3 x
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 X# p+ }! L) q6 T( j2002: 565-628.
' o: O! `2 `4 @' ^" C/ c. f2 K2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 s; Y8 V7 n$ J: D. X' n0 ?
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 G. Z- ~' g, p: E( `/ ?Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; T2 X7 ^0 i* D# n# \, ?Exposure to Testosterone- z3 o+ G/ p- }  X. T0 w
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,27 }# n; @, D6 `* z1 }
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD13 B5 o# i& {( q7 `$ ~7 z
Clinical Pediatrics
. I$ @/ z1 }; Y+ v6 k# GVolume 46 Number 6
2 q$ y7 P6 z$ g1 PJuly 2007 540-543
/ G' L% u" t9 X5 h2 C© 2007 Sage Publications
+ ?7 U/ m3 a- e( u' ]' ^10.1177/0009922806296651/ J2 x, g3 e3 {5 e
http://clp.sagepub.com5 i) f( Z+ x4 ^* F9 L
hosted at
$ O) i3 Y5 a2 K3 Fhttp://online.sagepub.com
% d8 }% `2 u# K$ m1 n7 C" g. \Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,3 R4 p# n& o0 K! A6 Q7 f! D
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
& s2 z+ `% Y% b. o* uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 W( H% q! ~" |) H% b; l
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 O* p& c. B2 e( ia higher incidence of organic central nervous system
1 Q; [0 U# m% y! slesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: @2 Q8 K0 j, H$ k1 I8 o
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& d7 M6 e$ z$ Ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
' ]5 Z7 b7 A/ Y2 {, f) pcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 a' _1 `8 `  L6 z( g6 l3 _
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
: L: Q0 q2 f* J7 L, o) {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% R. D  J# W& [
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 [6 r3 T) z/ G% pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 v! u; S1 v, u1 E: O. tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-; \: \- u: }. P% a  Z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this, y4 [! h' t% u) l0 O; F
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 S( {0 }  ]- D6 N' }. y
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
1 \4 `6 z" Y% n& M$ ^3 F( B. hbly more common than the rare case report in the: K& @0 @) u! J0 O1 ?9 @! p
literature.4& y" {7 s5 l7 I  w# A" P
Patient Report0 u. K" F$ q; X$ s8 y
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ r: Y  G; ]: x8 Gendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, y- ~0 ^+ H4 E! |! t2 zof early sexual development. His mother noticed  Y- ]5 c' t0 I6 E) d( Q/ F5 `# G
light colored pubic hair development when he was
2 E; q' o: f- J- t. B2 zFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 ?; d. V2 @& d3 e5 G- k( G# u! z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 E$ T6 c  i8 g1 l- w6 aAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,0 H- c% A# }* h# _
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 C% [* ^/ s, c8 x" R) Z9 F
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ ?7 H1 H0 o; w! U( D: M. ve-mail: [email protected]./ D2 X$ V% E7 X1 E% s& ^) h
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
3 X8 |* x5 k+ U6 s) H3 o" g0 Wdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# C: d+ j* h9 m* s& v7 b% R* D  u
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 l) X$ n) R8 ]$ s/ x
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
0 [( m; M. d0 B1 Wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 x6 X& [  G& @- ~# O
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 h% E8 K9 h. ?0 D6 ^9 A  R
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- [9 k9 d2 y8 Z8 a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
0 Q" o. Z6 E9 N2 sand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: ~6 M: H% Q5 M. K8 wwas age appropriate.
, d) [: j" v$ c& y. h& m( ^The family history was remarkable for the father,, j' D# ?2 R, E" S  V
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,  B% ~: P' M% b0 R
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 c$ _4 M6 b" D$ C( cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% p1 E0 g7 m; [$ D0 ]early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., w! D0 Y9 z+ \% N- k5 ?& c! ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The
4 C* _. C* \! \" Q. {+ t, ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ Q) [2 n0 [' n0 ]; ^1 ~
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- J) `6 k. [- ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: u8 J4 n7 [1 J; T, u
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 @: b( a' E! M; ]5 [: G
tives. There were no siblings.
8 f: u1 F& q1 I" `/ H+ \9 Z; r5 iPhysical Examination
# Y* x& n% k: D4 t" D$ }The physical examination revealed a very active,2 X  ?1 }1 n5 r' V) d3 n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) R/ w% m$ P% a0 X  ]! a* Z3 H
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 }2 }4 ]1 w1 s2 B+ P( t9 `90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg( m1 C8 ?2 f; h" [0 o- b5 \* C
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth: y) e/ v# w7 c; U; C
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of1 j1 d$ g# J! }, X$ s7 X8 e7 c
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 g* p0 O& l: q2 x9 R! g, s
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
0 g2 A4 {3 b2 ^) P0 \( p: xenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
  O9 Y! Y- b& Y( N0 }( l9 c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well2 S4 M' C2 {8 z; c6 h
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 G/ q; S/ R- V540
. W+ g" J4 ~, v* H- r  kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 L) e' X$ P6 m- Y1 X- kthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
6 B' ^7 ~$ C( W, x' L! v# itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." m0 y/ {8 M5 T$ [7 j
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
5 @8 w. ^. H& F; coily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 T( o: i( T( P) F  I& M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.. r6 N0 f) N0 }2 D& [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 J  X9 T0 |2 O4 U. lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
. `( M/ W" r1 R9 m8 Hof papilledema.
3 k# H0 I& n# e6 ~0 z6 e4 zLaboratory Evaluation; s$ R0 I, {+ r# p9 I
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
: Y$ w. k- j9 @2 ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ Y: k1 R0 }! T$ I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% Z* B  N% v( M" U' ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test( K# ]- r' v" I% w  O7 R" ^
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
5 n/ ^' l: A& g! r7 M; @' }lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; O) s% }4 |4 x5 u8 J9 R0 Z5 f
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood3 l9 f2 L& R* ]
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% N5 |+ ^& e2 swithin normal range for his age. The concentration
) d* U; Z1 u2 X& C9 hof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
/ k) o2 P8 c1 _( u(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
9 a+ V( m0 ?0 V, ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 Q6 _* s6 v% H" Z4 ~9 G; }
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),0 D+ m$ Q/ M) h# s0 k. C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% |1 I- C- x' c+ a+ u49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% p% a1 j2 u, f" {- Y' [$ Vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 u( ]6 u7 R( ^& t3 Q2 otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' _0 v9 f" i" G( [# }/ t7 O/ ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 i, ~3 @# s* g6 ?! F
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! c1 l7 [  p: D0 v& {; l
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  d1 C  c; H* {: R, j& wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 s( u$ f9 S% v1 g- b/ M: z, z  G
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
# D% b% `1 P1 F# W- k7 D; |(prepubertal).
+ {9 H2 Q  ]* n: @% j" P& U6 _The parents were notified about the laboratory4 p5 K( g5 C& O& A: I
results and were informed that all of the tests were
  g" ^& p6 s1 m+ {) \9 g2 wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
  C7 C1 O' M1 P! M( p$ `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, D, C  f: e( t
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' f, ~- [. a( R( F6 B7 R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
% Z, [+ o: v/ F' Q0 h$ M/ F, XPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
! H, N' |: N, E5 [) qchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 Q+ f1 L3 y3 V4 G2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained9 H+ P  v: D4 t8 \, j2 ~+ P
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, n1 j" F2 J+ _- R% A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  o6 W" J2 x" D. E: U0 l9 ^1 v9 t
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: \& a) p, {, f# W. V
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 x/ v0 x" h9 p* m+ e! f
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
( A9 n* w. U, d5 r& {ing frequent erections.
3 H2 R6 F, K8 g& B; PBoth parents were again questioned about use of- Z! e9 @" T$ v4 _# S
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 S; j5 K+ j) i+ r0 G! ^
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the9 O# `0 O% ~* X4 r6 P8 {+ J$ x, z
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541) f5 _0 Z: b" b* k+ I" P9 n+ q9 g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-1 C& F$ H1 z8 O- E- M4 n
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% R3 [7 c6 D9 G+ A# w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
& l5 I0 b/ d% M% m% x' m. m8 w. tto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  `8 E" v% o; ~/ Y
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 U& s& W3 `6 V& Y, c: T
secondary to depression.
# w5 S2 F; A# t. j. N0 [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 O. D+ ?$ g( k) m* X1 G, Z8 x* @The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
* w& S# @, |! ], G7 C7 achest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* S/ a! i# `1 L
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
5 Z& t3 H- B; c; H+ dThe father also admitted that after the phone call,' j& s: F: ?6 m6 t. w' M# N
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" `+ s  P* G" M5 R  ~
was high, he then read the product information$ r) i+ b% f! {: A$ O' n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, K: Y# ~* }- G$ z9 x# K/ T' D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they3 o* q6 @. p$ @) |5 W7 ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
& ]3 D( C0 e4 N6 ?0 @9 t8 H1 @7 Xfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" M( d: c: y" O( [/ Y) g) Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone6 d# \: K1 f- T; `, @' u1 S" }
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the: \6 i! r9 B. j. b2 R
laboratory to obtain the test.
, W" @; v$ `: y7 D0 T  ODiscussion
2 Y9 l' Y+ I8 ?1 s. w. |Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 p! r: w/ G6 Y: K" {3 ~# n
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. v% e, n+ I) X# A# n! V
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when" X' R9 s8 j% z7 M. v6 Z1 P
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! w( V4 c' c1 v. j% bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: h2 z& s9 M' a& n
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% q; r+ F$ w" q; Z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 h  U; D8 x/ u0 iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. N# K' H  j7 ~& k7 z3 gamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-' I5 g- M/ g: M3 n3 H/ ~$ F
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in% t0 f4 @3 k3 C3 M0 F) p( [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-0 Q1 r* V* `- E) p3 _! r
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-8 Z0 n/ @" d- T3 I- T5 R$ b1 V
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, c" C5 V1 n; F2 y3 g2 h. b
gonadotropins.1,3% f$ n, R" F2 ^4 v1 ?7 r! @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; r2 n) r6 f/ O  ]! `cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
; f( \. u6 c% P4 t. K3 randrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 W" G- m# g$ g, D' `6 bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
: p. G3 l' @& J1 g* A7 Fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
' r! B0 `+ _$ z* bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, }9 I  F0 C$ w' u% F, q3 O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  ]# H: W+ {3 b  T7 h/ hpuberty in boys.3,4
% f6 h, N. V, S( k' a6 N9 U+ @3 `. V! PThe most common form of congenital adrenal! }% A; s4 n9 I5 |, ?# X2 \" F/ Z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., u9 f6 N3 I" w; ^4 l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in  C4 ]9 V0 h. b0 r: {# ^+ a
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* G1 t: o) R  U/ X# h0 t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 C% M3 _2 y' u/ \
excess.1,3
, }  f/ F/ Q2 N, @0 d# Z6 P  ]at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 n9 }1 {, ]' P  u4 _$ Z! _+ r1 e% O
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; N  g& K: a; C8 Y8 N8 j( v4 K
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
( A7 o5 Q2 p3 j6 Oindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 Z6 N$ A2 g  Oas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a5 D7 d6 y  i3 G0 B4 Q  s
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 H* S6 u; W' [% u
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
# S' L: k( I7 ?4 D2 wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* z8 k' }5 q4 q. F* xwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder/ f' M  g( p+ j6 L$ A% I
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show8 l4 w" y5 P/ h7 l- a
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- r* E# M; Z5 a2 g# X
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked+ I" Z  Q9 ?( A2 U! h6 g6 S
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only* Z! L2 i# K; J. F# Z+ |  W$ K1 v
males; therefore, other male members of the family
$ S& p8 F- n$ Xmay have similar precocious puberty.3
. ?! r5 o: i/ ]. n1 O' Z; J! pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-+ O# ^  u3 u6 {! x* u
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ H) z# E  }- P8 H. p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 K  c6 b) s! b/ L
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) x4 Z4 n: C/ [$ Ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 f, f1 `( L  r) _8 atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the" u, t( ?0 C  O; H" ~0 v/ ?
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-! ~7 A* m' e# i/ u
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 r! c4 Z- j+ V. [
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 M- F- J- P6 w  G8 {0 v
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, ]" d; \9 [  L/ b
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-$ o8 E4 n+ S, X/ r! V* t6 ]+ g
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.+ l8 @7 Z1 W+ u) A# |
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
# B4 v) f% p4 W' L( rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
$ V' g1 X  L; d% k: G. a1 P9 ~the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 }2 G: g3 g5 _( A( q/ X
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, [5 R2 L, P) u* O1 b7 }) \decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ B& B4 B# u# a# t8 u. y# [. aterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- p4 i* q0 M/ e" o# \0 p# J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- N# P& z( \5 m% dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 D9 K: h2 P3 B4 y5 M/ ecream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
+ v5 W( H/ [, a! V2 Ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 p8 L5 \* B" b- }Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the$ s8 L& [0 |0 A9 P! t
baseline value in those females who were exposed to  J# a9 X3 N* @8 o
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 d  \+ I! I3 U8 P% {- B% Q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* z7 p* K8 R9 v; E& ?6 t5 t# u) Q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! M5 g: y6 T, X! h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
; N1 I/ A% A8 s* bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that# |0 ^0 K) ?/ V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-% {1 U) W8 S: T/ L
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* v7 s5 G, k  U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# a5 b7 P- k3 o0 Q/ mexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 n* t) u3 k1 }& S. c9 U, O6 q  R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 v* C: k4 P7 T( r. d* U% W
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ H6 l3 P/ u$ t! n
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 _3 T: s* g- A, |8 }advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ @4 O/ Z8 Y. [, OThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during& k) ]7 R% ]/ N7 U5 A
early childhood on pubertal development and final5 G6 g  i: v! p
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) d' w* E* j$ V' `* V+ Ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
8 }0 ^& A0 i# V% ^1 ]terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# C% w4 V4 k6 S3 f+ P, M
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* e1 I, _3 K0 L; V2 v9 \- ]cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 d$ C2 }9 S* N2 ]& xdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& {# N3 z4 G3 W7 XThere are conflicting reports and controversy
+ ~; R3 X* y, ^9 u/ o  e. Z; Yover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 _9 u" `$ i+ o8 [( w9 q0 u3 openile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 Q4 e' Q* d- e* O1 X
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 `; w3 Y9 w; h' m& `
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,  |/ q: L  e/ X& z( v' @1 N
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between# m+ w! _* h: S* s# g) Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult& ]2 C% [0 a  Y0 r
penile length in clinical studies.
- E1 J5 V9 V6 N: `, d, pNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is5 G+ s$ E% Z+ ~8 Q# p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from, l& [- x3 i+ t$ C2 K9 h' p. L
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( ~, F4 _2 R2 _" h8 \' `0 e, Dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( U1 }* c. ~# t0 k7 v: B* C$ L
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 B7 }. r3 ]! n$ adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ A  s, k2 y# f, e" H5 ?the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, e2 m7 I6 ~9 L. iheight will not be affected.
4 z+ n7 j7 r; @4 c9 j/ f- [Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-( F" W( x! r; A3 R( g
ability of androgen products in our society may- q6 c; `1 Q) B& X
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; r0 e+ d% h$ ?2 Z- w4 W
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
* X  r- S! i1 T9 h5 ?' ygen products must be considered and specific ques-
# v% \+ }- ^" |1 Q' [tioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ n7 p- e& ?3 q
gel should be asked of the family members during
% w* X9 w4 w: T8 u/ ^: n' _: |the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 \9 C3 g& q. `0 X3 G& M. U% V- I
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ x4 {0 r% A8 t' l5 b
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by. I8 g! Q$ w: D! |4 o
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a& q1 y* U) w* Q0 M, R; r$ W% d
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
$ B# B) a# {- a! I0 Wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: A* Q& J; E! V+ n' {/ g8 ^+ o# g
investigation. The primary care physician should be
. J+ \% \0 R+ H) M4 ?3 Z  Caware of this fact, because most of these children
. d# Z; z) h( S; U' ?0 T9 emay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 }1 J  x! m% a) S! U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* \! t  l+ o$ q5 J4 @. \8 ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 b( w: d6 z3 J8 [female child who might come in contact with some-. C, p* z+ G+ B2 ?
one using any of these products.
0 v/ q! Y5 t+ J+ ~7 C( h0 IReferences1 J, ?7 H* W- g- N* q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) n% `4 Y3 Z- Vand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. y% k/ q- Z+ F8 VEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 {# L5 {5 i! n$ F+ Z9 O8 h2002: 565-628.3 v' P( u  j' N
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious: n9 J& v6 X- ~) R( s
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

9 W6 A" W% r1 C* `) [  u* o精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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