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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" X4 l& D" U5 V7 q  fBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
3 q6 Y1 R5 m( E3 V/ _- y- n; lExposure to Testosterone1 T+ i' J2 e$ ^* _9 L
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- Q; {5 L" s: Z; j1 Q: ]4 w# G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 m1 A/ o/ b6 S5 s
Clinical Pediatrics
& l, u7 ?9 y5 m6 vVolume 46 Number 6
; E  G# ^+ N6 rJuly 2007 540-543+ t2 m$ \0 e% [' c8 k
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 q6 k7 E4 X* p/ Y8 G1 z10.1177/0009922806296651
8 r- G& i' I) [) Nhttp://clp.sagepub.com0 d0 e, `5 x: F0 d, ~
hosted at
3 i  w5 ^' h( J, e6 B5 dhttp://online.sagepub.com5 D1 X$ m5 g& x' H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 t: p7 @, ~3 ~+ D; L  {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
) Y- Q- q$ J" k9 K; Eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated4 Z5 p* z8 b+ H0 S6 v( Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has* E" M$ z' h! }
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 \5 S! f$ l( r+ H6 b
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: }2 N. }  `+ k0 }6 V1 J" o; cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" M* [' m. r) W" o: ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ ]. J  U, s5 f1 C+ o+ P- k
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% J* p6 v) A  ]9 I/ n8 t
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the4 c# g4 |: @2 S* S7 Y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ i3 n* _* y# pment without testicular enlargement, which was due0 C. N7 H6 t: H
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  \' n9 N6 P/ P* T" z
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 T# r% S" w+ v8 L" Wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 V8 d8 C3 E" l1 d- V+ n5 G" w
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
- v  ~* V" r- jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 w4 f4 h7 i7 C" _bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 ]- g, Q0 A* [7 H, V2 ^  U% x3 G, \literature.4. y' Q% h) C0 h+ ~5 O" |1 N* P
Patient Report
: s8 r; j+ i. D7 oA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; ^! N; A3 f+ u: `8 u& @endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% z4 R  U) E- m7 M- m7 p
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
7 j9 A% t8 \5 W9 G8 klight colored pubic hair development when he was
6 |7 a& s; c+ T4 Z; b' W: W: eFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
0 k% k: c! J0 C/ OSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 W/ n! s' j8 Y! j$ Q* @$ w! _5 Q* j) jAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,$ ?4 [* e$ ]3 C6 p6 a$ E
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
& I: x: i* ]3 ~3 L* A! ?* SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" `8 w7 R4 u' j+ D& G
e-mail: [email protected].
7 _" N$ L: }5 L2 m% s3 O- d3 Aabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
% {6 g( Y" R% p; O- p+ f4 m' @. mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) V) F2 M$ }6 F! d9 _$ A
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- G# M! ~9 p  M" q/ I' _( W( ewas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# }% F: s; V" a/ h" a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) \) \! U& c% C3 v
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ T5 r2 J# V' a4 a% x+ Sof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
  R( p0 [7 W( H" Csolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. F3 x8 t8 \+ Z1 ^$ i+ n! c
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
$ M2 R8 h5 E# u% Fwas age appropriate.0 |) H! A% r2 l
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& N' x+ Y, l) Twho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 O% K( j! }: c; X. W8 bwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
, w  M, C# i% N9 X, C5 f3 o2 Z) _height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 R, y$ a% D9 }# ^/ b! ^# `& }early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' R9 Y. [6 R: E" o, ^5 D
The father denied taking any other medication. The
# i, t( Q. C3 Y* B* J  H7 gchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. H8 m4 I& f0 g0 l" ~+ ]
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 _2 L& \: Q% I1 G* ~4 o2 h# S9 n
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
) }$ o2 e* w/ A" S4 B* @3 hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
6 l* R4 E8 @- R( D) z$ Dtives. There were no siblings.5 [' ?/ s( l6 K8 e
Physical Examination
7 f. r& G- k8 }( H+ \The physical examination revealed a very active,
) v: ^4 i2 o  i! ?playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented4 |8 a" ?- y! C: _: V' e4 i
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ P8 I) r) z; @7 o* S90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
' d8 Z" v; y$ a& s! q) w8 c(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 i  {. E" J+ v5 ~, V/ H% h
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 j# H- @8 {5 {% e7 e4 o1 dthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.; D5 }" J6 k$ U6 V4 ^
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
! t: h  V% X' k. h1 @* genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 g6 @6 n" S. v. o' t' f  |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well3 J2 O5 ^' c7 v: N, B
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 H) b7 _& g* [' D7 w
540
  M9 ~9 U) W+ A3 z5 Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& K: r' L8 E7 I* w: L% i5 y- f
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The" C0 N- M' i; M6 M
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* j) p  Y2 y" Q- ]1 P; kThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 P. P$ p( d) p' w. w) `8 Hoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no7 K- \4 C8 t9 {4 J7 z2 M2 ?
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.# U' s) ~4 v, Q' {
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 a! B* X7 W' c5 cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# ?' i* Q* J% K! d7 Kof papilledema.
/ {# a: F! _) XLaboratory Evaluation# p# [6 |" k- {2 o" f1 q! h+ T
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* n. x. Y$ g8 q' s! Y5 Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. O( o1 E9 Y7 O. ~1 S5 F) ^
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal! R. J4 G! O. N2 d+ q  x
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test1 S  _# }5 p& O2 N4 S$ M0 B
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
" x3 C) n: @6 {7 f" mlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
  D3 D1 b' p' x8 g, X& xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 l1 y# o$ E5 T  s- V* z0 curea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were) ~* j( P- G/ r7 L2 i* E5 Y
within normal range for his age. The concentration9 W# X5 r% F2 u0 B; X% ?5 y
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- [8 y: Y: j2 \* t(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 203 @! M' C3 z  [& u
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-# u6 \# ]1 {3 Y" q& v/ ~% @+ ^
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),' x6 Z  h8 R5 t  Y1 J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* }# q" B1 P0 B0 E. f& [49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)7 L' {& d% B% [$ u1 U
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
" U) G! ~3 \1 M6 Utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 z5 E+ d1 \) o( Q5 Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 Z9 K, s: m! }and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
& O# L3 `+ N) r: E5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  v* V( N9 r+ a3 v; I/ y* W- C3 |
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 s8 ?3 X1 w1 j9 q6 ]
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL; p8 B8 |- ^  [& a; a
(prepubertal).3 J2 T- K( C8 P' N0 F. L/ f
The parents were notified about the laboratory
, a, l2 T2 i- q; m' Tresults and were informed that all of the tests were7 S0 y# U6 b& f
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 E+ J8 ?0 S8 p+ D* E& Y& M7 qfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to7 q/ O! z( s; K, U/ n
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 f, [+ Z  b6 n2 }  r: Z6 s2 N  Mever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- {3 w7 I1 G# ]- b/ Z$ @) IPhysical examination at this time revealed that the9 ]5 w6 n' G1 y$ [( H5 }
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& r8 E; s( V' M# P( Z$ L. c: Q; v
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained. }+ }1 P  C$ H. }7 G8 _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 a' q1 n  v: l# `/ E( }pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 J0 d8 B, D9 x/ Y9 a4 {& L
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 _& T3 ?; ?# o8 HmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" k# Y) u6 n* t: a; e" X/ kThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ k9 l- |2 E1 I5 ?0 g
ing frequent erections.6 T" \- @' f2 }7 ?
Both parents were again questioned about use of6 r( W& i- S& ^# ?# Z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to+ E" p" \% Z  F" Y8 G2 x
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  d6 N7 j3 ]  eTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( A* X8 D0 k9 ]0 Z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
6 n3 d/ d# k! a2 [. |0 K% V# zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# ?4 P& d5 h8 B! K& W
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. @  {# O; ?5 ~6 V9 Pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-8 ?$ y0 N& Q& Y9 T# t: T; I# c
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 q. f: v9 k* z+ o+ U& a) D
secondary to depression.
4 @# O3 g/ `- I; |2 [The child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 J4 J# s/ ?/ r) R2 U6 o# n0 f8 WThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) ^( T2 |$ a# y0 _8 Lchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& w# }: N# g& f; ?' gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.8 m$ K/ K) i& G7 l& a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
: z. C& T) p0 uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
2 S  p5 j# }7 ywas high, he then read the product information
  i0 ?$ `2 I+ J" h( V+ R$ Kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. x* b$ ~7 L! _/ P$ m6 G+ b! wson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 ]* s9 p' O9 sdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* N- l( P7 O/ [* v) I
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had* m0 \2 o( @% j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 S* M: |" m- p4 M. f; u/ b& }9 Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: W" B/ z. o: h% }3 flaboratory to obtain the test./ d) \8 w( ?* a! b; s
Discussion, N5 M8 Z8 r; u6 Y+ j+ V0 {3 b
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
1 B6 x/ }- w4 esexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. F/ u' W; n4 N# FPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; T$ Q5 O- x/ b4 Cit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-% H# F7 F$ o3 F& w' M" q+ h
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
& I& ]& F% O0 L. }* P# n: z8 Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
  n5 f, V8 [, i* Y1 r& ?. Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is& y! t' x& c6 N4 W
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* [: c1 J  d* x1 H" K. Y1 Y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, f! r; r, b; U8 S$ z9 {sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ z7 _' T" h* Z( d% ~% Xboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 w: h% h# Q" _* F- {3 d3 W. j# bization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-0 S' Z5 k! |- d0 J/ r! ?$ x
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
  E* s  F5 U  p4 ~8 z$ Dgonadotropins.1,3* G* w/ w1 H2 |6 d1 B) e, R2 C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 Y/ s9 E9 Z  r5 e8 r: Qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) e& z) P3 s) e# x
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 o9 P6 N" J0 H# [: ]6 Zexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
4 ~! y+ [3 z" @( P( E% O8 Aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# H9 P* e* q# J
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- H/ J6 ?5 \# O- q+ [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious; z- ~5 G8 {5 Q# j
puberty in boys.3,44 }% ]6 _' {6 S4 D: ~& c& h) d
The most common form of congenital adrenal' M4 v+ F/ g+ X6 ]3 K( j, |
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 l2 E+ H. J/ ?
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in2 }% I% r7 O! I* E
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; Z/ j4 ^" s; C8 |an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 \/ N5 ~, x! H# D/ L4 _$ q! T- Z
excess.1,3
4 Q: U# x$ o6 U4 J& x: o  N! s# H: xat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 z, e! r7 |, s% v8 `! f) ?8 O542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- `: i4 x; Q: y$ DA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-0 E/ P9 h6 K/ u2 |/ i
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
& N4 f' y& Z: k' H- |& Z; ]as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
) e7 P; Y/ b* n6 j" Yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
* n5 u" K2 P" ~: {with this disorder are full pubertal development,' V3 t+ s  S8 B/ G/ M+ Y1 r# y
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys, t2 Q$ n0 O/ ]# |7 B1 F- M$ E
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 \& F" I% h: V/ \
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" E$ X* k6 i! i0 _pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. H  ^6 g2 m# z2 }0 mreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ A6 {$ _8 F# vautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
) {4 a7 B/ N& b9 C' hmales; therefore, other male members of the family0 O8 R5 |2 J4 Z8 h
may have similar precocious puberty.3
. h1 k$ F$ P: J+ C6 {In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 X: I! G% I6 L) s( x
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ J  E# }- r! A0 ]
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis- I% p: a1 y3 A" A2 ]0 u
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
. g) o: |8 y  }9 I! Y* B0 L! gstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' n/ A! d* o+ Q3 \testicular enlargement is not that evident in the  P  g2 P' i5 g
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. j( w# j/ a) g1 q+ _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our% J, H& |, r( V. b8 h1 j% a
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- ~6 g6 ]- R- f: z  geither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase/ z$ B4 H: d9 f3 P9 q/ x+ q- ?
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( `3 M4 V# e7 }3 {4 m$ ]6 x! W) L
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. u9 y/ ~# _* v1 V
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ }* W$ r" r+ E. z) i' N1 p" b3 E
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 G. J5 F8 q6 ~$ bthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-& z: F5 M, g9 I/ ~5 {6 k% o8 K
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; R8 D* l3 A8 k" a5 h5 wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& `1 t+ Q7 b2 L2 Z/ Hterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was% k  z" S; w# P, l- {" D
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ i. _% O: Y5 C* H! \& }. u
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or" z& G5 H( M# A! g( V! u/ l7 s3 T
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 K4 j7 {: c5 S/ punprotected females through direct skin exposure.0 q2 t/ t& b4 w* }" @* Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! S+ j; ^4 j$ Y
baseline value in those females who were exposed to) ]5 p+ Y9 U1 W- w. J, P- [
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* G" s) D" `  K
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 C2 @- {) A- t% D2 W- v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
6 d2 m( t1 `$ b" p0 I7 T' \Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
2 ]9 X2 \# Q' D9 ?  Nwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
% g! q; f+ x* |  _, l% Ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- I2 L' |! U# c2 v( ]! j9 q
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) @. u0 @! L$ R- a: |active in young children exposed to testosterone
' O9 F; q. d' ?4 p# eexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-. O, {* _+ v6 y# R& d7 f
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
1 j$ e. _5 S/ v6 f1 ~virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; }) m+ H" J: [
children results in an increase in growth velocity and+ c( m+ k+ \: E
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ Y* X! p" n9 f% {5 qThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, g3 M  o" i5 ]+ x0 j4 H9 O$ J, Q
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; ~6 j9 i3 F$ r5 @+ O5 L; Y. uadult height are not fully known and always remain. G* U* K/ `/ `* f2 `
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ o; X5 m" s. @5 g6 M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, E4 J* g+ I# M! S' _( P% S$ `% }acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ c& g' X5 i  |0 r* v' N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& Q% _: b1 q( U* p
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9' ~7 f- s; B5 E9 Q% |
There are conflicting reports and controversy
- v/ X$ k7 [/ S1 L' p* {over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ s5 o; v3 R# N* Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 f1 {" l4 w5 l& G9 {
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 |) y& k# m2 }ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* p4 F) b8 y* w$ g9 u) ZSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between: _( E; E1 L: m  c8 I, F# v/ R
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 S* P" `% O  T  K4 m' l
penile length in clinical studies.
8 q! x9 j2 }+ g$ T* VNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( I5 V3 W/ I( u, w/ B# m# a
going to experience any of the untoward effects from7 k0 n+ D7 J, q3 B! J7 [. D
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 O  T0 \- G7 D& h4 c" k- qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 ]$ ~5 ?( ?+ ]8 C3 A. i
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* O4 y% p  ?6 w# Y& \6 g( @1 P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 C$ K! k# w4 _4 h; N% V) ^the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult+ q4 r7 K0 Z) L5 Q6 d
height will not be affected.& g0 A% A& _! ^; a$ S
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-% x8 K# T3 T' I5 d% O% G! U# w" t/ D2 }
ability of androgen products in our society may# O/ w9 X6 M! O( k5 w0 J
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
& }- @+ G% w4 \6 K" Wchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 W$ z  p( h, @5 [6 ]: [
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 r0 ~; q, ~) h/ V0 p1 Z5 w  K8 m( ltioning about the use of a testosterone product or- q( |5 M. w6 R, N- s
gel should be asked of the family members during
8 q( v' a9 i4 _6 q' j1 b' i, nthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-3 ?, H2 ]( v% ^, M! P: s% d  \' T
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
# `& |5 k9 N! F# R* Z. s  Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 M$ o/ k: {3 m5 S/ [& @
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" H; _# l5 i/ x( I5 K" Thistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% [! Z) V9 a) }2 ^$ {
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' R3 I# `! k9 x
investigation. The primary care physician should be
+ Y1 V1 s) d  maware of this fact, because most of these children! u9 N8 X% W" P$ z
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 {: ]5 Z) H+ S# E! {
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* ^4 n, z1 V; Uwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  o+ W% j1 M5 zfemale child who might come in contact with some-
7 c1 z+ r/ n: C% }0 H7 xone using any of these products.
' ]7 Y; U6 R# o" n( E; A: E; m4 WReferences
* T% [5 ~9 c' c+ e2 @! v1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& P7 X6 [* F- n$ qand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
/ W- j9 y& ]# A4 X& M6 HEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) I# j2 ?( X0 u: O
2002: 565-628.
9 w! z: ]8 R* J6 V2 o2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* l. M; B/ S! u8 y) a' @puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old* O* F7 W8 k# m5 Q; `: o) n
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical- y$ a) c  n  r+ B
Exposure to Testosterone
% r5 b2 J+ C9 tSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, C( P, @* c$ M1 D% ^
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 o4 J/ B5 R. Q4 u4 b+ N
Clinical Pediatrics
8 r: O+ i' _+ uVolume 46 Number 6
0 F- n: d" W8 @! I/ D- j) uJuly 2007 540-543% P: l1 z0 r; W; k. f1 T
© 2007 Sage Publications7 N- E# w' u' e0 Q6 t$ l7 o
10.1177/0009922806296651% D1 ^5 J) `0 o1 }- G* f6 }( w& j
http://clp.sagepub.com- b- G3 y( }. g( E4 c( f% {# O
hosted at
' J6 V$ R) E! T' r- |http://online.sagepub.com
; Y3 s- ]! m+ E/ PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 s9 I$ ]- m4 z; R8 _0 fis a significant concern for physicians. Central
; P8 d* C$ y' e: `precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# k  }8 K- w, o' Q
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' `& e% ]( e$ W" |* K9 m7 h9 B- ua higher incidence of organic central nervous system* x0 B8 K$ h1 w) D5 [( U' M
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: v2 \; o, |( e  p& aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" k( F3 q8 e/ f, w# U& V
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 T8 C5 w2 l* r7 Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We1 M5 W+ `) v7 \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' S2 W  S- t- E
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 k' ], d  O% i  R# B( t, x' [
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
' \, ^& P# o6 ~  Q& M6 Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
" Q% `0 H5 N/ qthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 a2 y/ ]0 \' i; T/ b) A
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- q  X9 S0 o, O+ zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, k! |% k8 [' ^: Ztestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-, s2 C1 E, g& P8 V
bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 L4 Y# j8 ~! `7 _+ o. xliterature.4( Z/ O# `9 o0 l$ ^5 K4 c( R9 B2 H0 D
Patient Report
( }* Y; [2 N, M- |" ^A 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 @5 c# ?! F* T) Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 f. s" O. I( R$ g! Y) {8 l8 h% J
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, O' t0 G& u; H( ]  n9 ilight colored pubic hair development when he was- ^% @1 v$ L; M. @
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: G% Y2 C: U* F2 G% ySouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
0 f4 H1 j5 k. B$ S' YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,* H" b' z! B* k' H2 _7 w1 G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
$ Z5 P3 ?6 W) u, M4 E+ ?Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;( }% N/ g$ O1 V# z7 u# b; l" [- @
e-mail: [email protected].
+ ?& d, h' K( Fabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( e  {. p+ c$ D; k& v" X3 q
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-. l$ j" C( ^1 t7 K/ V
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child  K, h+ k3 Z& l+ D5 R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' Z/ D+ X# s% m9 E9 |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of% h+ u& Y/ v2 D4 s) n, U1 G' |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year, y, I# ~: f# \6 G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with+ U, p7 X" i; K0 z/ m6 x( c. H
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 Z) y6 T7 o+ W. M7 l: E& R5 \
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development! j: w( l& W& x! z1 o
was age appropriate.
' i  J3 ?, p# ^1 IThe family history was remarkable for the father,
  H' `( ^( w) }. @& E' Iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 F$ q% ^6 t, u% G3 q' iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s. f, h1 `8 n8 [% n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat+ `$ W( ~! |! w2 @- W5 P! s2 M
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 l; Z9 i4 c5 zThe father denied taking any other medication. The8 H& k: B- Z9 Z3 W& c/ [8 e
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( A: m" A" _" [8 uwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) ~- a8 N& [( ?: M8 C$ p+ {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 h/ b" ^# Z) [
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- m1 K- j6 q. J
tives. There were no siblings.
4 N  g7 j& T9 W# p% E0 a1 w7 MPhysical Examination
+ ^# @) l7 }7 i/ i/ ?, VThe physical examination revealed a very active,: V: |1 o3 L3 g" L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' o4 b: D% {0 h" Q% K0 Y- v
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was( {4 W; {8 d% z2 S# R, Z
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 i# D, f& t1 S, B
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
' w/ p6 T3 E" q/ n" Fvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 G+ n- z0 L( I7 }
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.* i0 `! i% S, v+ |$ G
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for/ L% D) [# i1 `" s  G: q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% r- L, e$ h6 `8 ?# q
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! K1 W9 r  Q$ y/ i& W1 R% a" q6 V
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  u# o% ~* D. }" A/ c; n1 ~
540
4 v; q2 S  v* G9 s  D9 Oat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 ~+ V2 v4 w4 l0 Q# t0 o: w! U
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 b6 H+ G& b9 b7 Y' I- r5 V8 dtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 K+ y/ I" D; c8 ]& ]5 q* gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" q7 T- W* q; w8 _* q4 moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
& A9 ]; }  C8 A! Iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( q7 u, H4 p  b- ^. u5 S9 b6 G
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
" U! r$ }+ ]0 ]& r$ e$ i( xbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
  C5 h' W/ N7 ~/ I- Z6 hof papilledema.; t' ~  {% t. ]: b3 ~# R+ d) K, Z
Laboratory Evaluation
" O2 e0 f0 F: X# i$ J6 u, ?' SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by* V# Y8 {3 `7 ~( w5 r# X5 {/ A
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 O5 w+ R4 _' F$ Ylogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: \% ^/ a& r$ A8 lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* ^' K* F/ V9 D) p
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
% [# ~0 c7 v3 V1 glating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).% Z. E& F/ w( b: y- R- y( d# {: e
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 N& I  n% ~8 c8 S9 ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" q2 Q0 J$ H/ hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration1 T% r- S+ [; X, y# }: F# R2 i; @& w
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
: o- @* N4 O( ~(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- U7 a: G3 C" s; ~% @ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ S! j" y7 t( J; _- e
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ q2 X, R- r8 G0 P. Q9 Kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
- K" ^5 w6 z& d0 X49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
6 d2 Z" f( [/ x( u$ z/ awas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 S+ |7 Y# s& x% r& L  E$ n. {, Ttisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; A2 ~7 n* M9 s0 O$ A1 B- ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
6 r) Z0 B+ l7 E9 h; v6 ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
. \+ F0 r; D0 y' f" L! s* r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
6 _: _7 D& S9 Ustimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
: u( U/ D  p0 k5 oconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  ]2 P) [0 |6 ~1 Z+ q+ x6 P(prepubertal).  J( i+ Q9 C, O- ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory% d5 W) x' |( f5 I) p2 l! n
results and were informed that all of the tests were# p( f4 T) ^2 q+ p) Z. M+ B
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
( O, Z. |$ ~0 |: V7 b0 s+ X; l7 ?follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# |* r" w% M; m
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
3 Q2 j7 Q/ m) @* d, Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.
) Z+ ^$ b( R( z+ j7 z$ |+ v+ q7 EPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
4 o5 b. b. f2 p3 @3 [8 ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
1 T5 J7 E+ L1 r: Q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ m$ X+ @  w8 j; D- E  y
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 m& {% Q' x5 ]7 g2 }9 z
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  d+ K; T( @5 m3 s' b. n8 Y/ A1 U
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" ?% @; C2 o  c0 c9 TmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged./ @: n% L2 d9 w0 D/ |- ]
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: I7 h( a1 k. d$ v+ I
ing frequent erections.
) Q/ I; f. F: Z# |6 N( O9 S+ k( r# E/ B: [Both parents were again questioned about use of
: a% x5 v. v! O- N7 X' M7 `8 Yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to: }( ?& D; ]$ B. b9 K, l* {: ~- ~
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
* j7 Z* n: [  ]$ r3 }, U' t) ?" P9 hTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( J7 t; C2 J+ ?' e3 K& w' suse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-" y9 ~8 L+ z1 O9 R" f
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
/ G2 _6 L& o: ?& M9 ^$ V' ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed% K+ F3 [8 r1 H8 k3 d
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-. u0 Q8 `; X7 H* A- S
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido0 y+ H9 i" h5 Z, F4 E
secondary to depression.; f' r- c% h7 ?5 ?) o
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
8 \  `0 N8 l! i$ j8 @2 K6 OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his3 u8 `% w. Y" h9 n3 p0 B
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-) C1 Y1 v, Y$ F' o* q- w
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.! P9 W2 X9 I' e: S" i
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
- U1 x: l5 e; Z0 Q9 V  A- ^- S( o0 Zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; [8 H+ K7 y! h. S( K
was high, he then read the product information) w: }! ]) p9 k; ]% n: n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
$ h# I( B+ M6 d; f& ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they) g" t; C  j" h- c9 H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
' l$ o  c2 l! }father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 \0 Y/ y' A6 [8 L) k8 R
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 n& _/ X  i6 ]" dtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the* Z/ X9 p* v0 k% z1 b9 K, O. B
laboratory to obtain the test.
- c8 o1 m  |# C  {% T( zDiscussion& @6 y, t0 O1 C% a- s
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
/ X* j, f% j1 G* Msexual development before 9 years of age.1,4% J0 I! ]/ r6 Q  i9 P# t9 e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* s, b/ H6 R& L* Q+ O4 q! uit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* H9 ]7 D. @1 M1 n
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 L5 y+ G6 ^, l) q9 V$ gmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
! Z, y6 `0 N* K7 E; `! hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
. w. ?" M* o0 k) M3 Zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 z' Z- ^5 D. Iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-) K4 a# M& O* z1 o7 \( C* i0 q
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
1 F+ N& V1 ]) o% E8 mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-3 r/ U) \% U. H" L/ R
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# T# w* ]7 w5 O9 H1 W2 Zrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
' @! j' \4 Q) w2 T% Vgonadotropins.1,3
7 R/ [# Y8 ]& M/ ZGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
, I3 J+ X' r  A; g9 V. i5 `. t7 icious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 d& I+ c; P- F6 i( L$ X* G- r, uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
7 d. K  v% e& Rexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
9 v3 [$ p0 Z& w% F, [6 Z  J6 @ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" V' b9 d( t2 d, W; N: F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 }9 V% G5 u8 d1 k& k+ C9 Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
2 o- j: M+ l9 Y  y% e0 L2 kpuberty in boys.3,4: n2 x; W/ G2 X; J. Q+ F
The most common form of congenital adrenal) |( c7 g! o/ I- k
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.% }+ q8 I& @: V. b# {# ?
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in1 H: q: ]8 g% L6 `( [
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. S; B+ Y9 J/ Z' O4 `& Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% o% E$ N+ U! I, D# A+ q5 _excess.1,3
% h  t$ P$ Z" a3 j4 Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 `$ i' r4 T" d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( o5 h- O8 k% c8 h+ ?A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ T! V4 l* Z2 h  L( K7 n4 sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 q7 P% ^* M6 a% ^as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
( i6 h( H/ T$ j: f3 J1 K( \+ Q9 }very young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 Y' l* `5 |! X2 z2 O! V. r% W& fwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
0 a; g0 A2 q' C2 H2 H0 H1 Jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
1 v1 a5 L8 Q6 L& Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 `! E  ]8 Y3 T, B9 B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ x" o$ u# `% @# \8 ~6 T! `pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ X1 y# B% X1 }0 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) Q/ a! s: {1 o; }" m9 e: o* p: A
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only: T) M: k9 O3 U- q) Y' g
males; therefore, other male members of the family
) \. x9 x0 n& Z  z1 |may have similar precocious puberty.3- ?$ s* k+ K8 e; P% s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-5 [( ^$ s! [0 f  O6 H! a" `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
" E* T  ^& J6 }* dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  w. c) U0 t0 k; `7 R* o5 Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
' b7 P/ Q: Z' J% E( e0 Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- f! j' y& G, f8 F' n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the# c$ X8 O) P% Y! ~! G2 C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
! K/ B3 I  v3 a* N- n& Q7 ]; K/ wative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ |( i3 x  S0 C0 }
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,1 u* j3 F. g4 P
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  W+ _* ~6 c+ N! y- g) P$ }deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 Q& y: n: N- R( _% X( {* }' Iing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
% p; E; Z9 m% W" l3 h) E$ lThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: ?. r) c5 @" f$ [6 Fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 g$ W( _- @: t" D$ k. N4 p
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ H0 G7 K" D, m" S) O  X6 ypearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
# e  |) G" D/ h/ h* [$ @. Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-) R% P. Q% N8 U+ R
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& m% g, ?/ l; e) pusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' a+ C" M* f. E' }
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or( g/ F# f0 p) Y* }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# F; y# _  ^  Kunprotected females through direct skin exposure." C) P) v* t( _! E& R: m
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the6 M( |! S8 k$ q# G0 }. @
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 T9 n: e0 j' Y5 S/ q8 Z7 J" G% [even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male) d  u( t0 X" G5 U3 ~) u8 j+ B% J4 n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' g) X9 s( |1 t: L/ S
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 `0 L) {) c) P, z8 k& L3 F1 ZOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,: b5 u0 e$ m3 R3 u, K' S
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
4 B) l" f) G" v: o- Hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
- W9 |) c4 P0 Q( @3 \) Z; iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 g% z' P- j) Z2 U1 G
active in young children exposed to testosterone
( S& ~: O3 c1 \: P) y$ zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
  \) B. C8 |7 P  Tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- r+ |2 o; @* o$ `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 |1 i# _: S  }- d& Y& Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
. d' x' r% Y% madvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 m) F4 N0 ~& h; U! t8 z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during- h5 X* Z/ \+ q/ Y
early childhood on pubertal development and final
- J) f+ E3 Q- N2 ^+ ^adult height are not fully known and always remain: c2 l  l# s8 W8 K' ?1 `1 M
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. I* I, {' M' Z6 N8 T
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 j7 O8 l0 G* Macceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( C5 l* f4 q6 z# w- G) kcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' }: [( Z# U1 P' P9 f) C5 R
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 T- ?  U; X' ~* s6 Z  VThere are conflicting reports and controversy3 d- ]5 R0 s6 p: s1 p; L* f8 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. k* K+ v0 U+ `penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
  Y1 ]" {3 T; \/ P1 w1 \adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% b" d, f8 _$ ]$ vulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,5 d  K& ?2 u4 T+ `
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
( A+ _3 ?# `. k  F& x, D& ^childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
$ M, Q  q- Z/ B1 [# u" d* {penile length in clinical studies.  A" e" @; y2 p$ w2 [9 b. J
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 x' x- f$ |4 z* j
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ Z1 Z6 }6 {. I" ntestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because" p( g6 t- w) Z
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: h6 z+ z' b% ^Although the bone age was advanced at the time of; w7 a6 [8 x5 d4 |( p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, h1 C1 S2 f) E1 _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! ?1 ^2 g9 f8 o. N
height will not be affected.! A0 q$ O/ c- o4 x6 k
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
) u8 M3 d# f# t5 cability of androgen products in our society may
1 n, |5 B& u. b9 [# O/ c6 C5 Xindeed cause more virilization in male or female! u, K! H7 X7 D1 N: V0 _# }
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 l9 a9 _$ S- r' {4 H. Ugen products must be considered and specific ques-
: Q) S0 Q5 S& Z  ]- ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or6 t* G2 z2 K* ]: `% q  T1 M7 {
gel should be asked of the family members during& E9 N8 a( a" p% n& k. u
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-, J! t, b. ?+ E% G) U( R: S
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" r/ L7 e) C+ u' ?: q- ~, K# O
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by6 u% P9 H5 z4 T1 m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( w" J8 C4 H' l1 H9 o% r
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may/ ^% Q/ U$ ~4 A
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ u7 ~( G$ X7 T, b5 E
investigation. The primary care physician should be
, C! u, L) F$ I% h1 j: {" z% V/ faware of this fact, because most of these children. N: _! y1 H0 z. X4 W* g  R
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’) o: H9 M& X+ N$ h6 T' v2 T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' Q  T4 P' @# V% ~  l7 d
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ v, K7 F) [$ {& n6 Nfemale child who might come in contact with some-2 R1 M  |, c, ~- L' ]- i- `
one using any of these products.
/ O& H  X: N! I2 f4 @References& F3 d  H9 K2 W7 I. i. ?
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 \+ O  W; R+ F. Q& w' Q$ Z  u
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' H/ f/ J5 f' TEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;4 o" y; g( k9 n- V
2002: 565-628.
7 b( b9 d, j' K. Z! ^4 M  |2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. r4 n8 H1 T  zpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
6 Y$ C3 \+ w6 R  e7 p
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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